Preface

Interest in particle physics continues apace. With the Large Hadron Collider showing early tantalizing glimpses of what may yet prove to be the elusive Higgs Boson, particle physics remains a fertile ground for creative theorists. While the Standard model of particle physics remains hugely successful, nevertheless it is still not fully regarded as a complete holistic description. This book describes the development of what is termed the generation model, which is proposed as an alternative to the standard model and provides a new classification approach to fundamental particles. A further chapter describes an extension to the standard model involving the possibility of a charged Higgs boson and includes an outline of how experimental evidence may be sought at LHC and B‐factory facilities. Coupling of postulated axion particles to photons is tackled with particular reference to magnetized media, together with possible implications for detection in laboratory experiments or astrophysical observations. Modern particle physics now involves major investments in hardware coupled with large‐scale theoretical and computational efforts. The complexity of such synergistic coordinated entities is illustrated within the framework of the e‐science paradigm. Finally, an unexpected and interesting description of the potential radiation hazards associated with extremely weakly interacting neutrinos is provided in the context of possible future designs of intense muon‐collider facilities.

> **Eugene Kennedy** Emeritus Professor School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University Ireland

**1. Introduction**

and quarks in the SM.

summary and discusses future prospects.

**2. Standard model of particle physics**

1969; Breidenbach *et al.*, 1969).

The main purpose of this chapter is to present an alternative to the Standard Model (SM) (Gottfried and Weisskopf, 1984) of particle physics. This alternative model, called the Generation Model (GM) (Robson, 2002; 2004; Evans and Robson, 2006), describes all the transition probabilities for interactions involving the six leptons and the six quarks, which form the elementary particles of the SM in terms of only three unified additive quantum numbers instead of the nine non-unified additive quantum numbers allotted to the leptons

**The Generation Model of Particle Physics**

*Department of Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering,* 

Brian Robson

*Australia* 

**1**

*The Australian National University, Canberra* 

The chapter presents (Section 2) an outline of the current formulation of the SM: the elementary particles and the fundamental interactions of the SM, and the basic problem inherent in the SM. This is followed by (Section 3) a summary of the GM, highlighting the essential differences between the GM and the SM. Section 3 also introduces a more recent development of a composite GM in which both leptons and quarks have a substructure. This enhanced GM has been named the Composite Generation Model (CGM) (Robson, 2005; 2011a). In this chapter, for convenience, we shall refer to this enhanced GM as the CGM, whenever the substructure of leptons and quarks is important for the discussion. Section 4 focuses on several important consequences of the different paradigms provided by the GM. In particular: the origin of mass, the mass hierarchy of the leptons and quarks, the origin of gravity and the origin of apparent CP violation, are discussed. Finally, Section 5 provides a

The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics (Gottfried and Weisskopf, 1984) was developed throughout the 20th century, although the current formulation was essentially finalized in the mid-1970s following the experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks (Bloom *et al.*,

The SM has enjoyed considerable success in describing the interactions of leptons and the multitude of hadrons (baryons and mesons) with each other as well as the decay modes of the unstable leptons and hadrons. However the model is considered to be incomplete in the sense that it provides no understanding of several empirical observations such as: the existence of three families or generations of leptons and quarks, which apart from mass have similar properties; the mass hierarchy of the elementary particles, which form the basis of the SM; the

nature of the gravitational interaction and the origin of CP violation.
