**Meet the editor**

Ivan Padron was born in Camajuani, Cuba in 1970. He received his bachelor degree in Physics from the University of Havana in 1993, and his Ph. D in Applied Physics from New Jersey Institute of Technology in 2010. His research has been directed towards diaphragm based Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors. His critical thinking and enterprising personality where acknowledged in

two U.S. patents and one patent application, and offered him the opportunity of publish his work in varies peer-reviewed scientific journals, participates in numerous international conferences and to serve as a peer reviewer of the IEEE Sensor Journal. He is a member of the American Physical Society and IEEE Professional Association.

His research interests include optical sensors and the application of physics to life sciences and medicine.

Contents

**Preface VII** 

Chapter 2 **Surface Micro Topography** 

Antonio Pepe

Maged Marghany

Chapter 1 **Coherence Correlation Interferometry** 

Dahi Ghareab Abdelsalam

Chapter 3 **Advanced Multitemporal Phase** 

**in Surface Topography Measurements 1**  Wojciech Kaplonek and Czeslaw Lukianowicz

**Measurement Using Interferometry 27** 

Chapter 4 **Simulation of 3-D Coastal Spit Geomorphology Using** 

Chapter 5 **Local, Fine Co-Registration of SAR Interferometry** 

**in InSAR via Joint Subspace Projection 111** 

Ryo Natsuaki and Akira Hirose

Chapter 6 **Robust Interferometric Phase Estimation** 

Chapter 7 **Airborne Passive Localization Method** 

Chapter 8 **Experiences in Boreal Forest Stem Volume** 

Jan Askne and Maurizio Santoro

**Outside Our Solar System 195**  Marija Strojnik and Gonzalo Paez

Chapter 9 **Interferometry to Detect Planets** 

Hai Li and Renbiao Wu

Tao Yu

**Unwrapping Techniques for DInSAR Analyses 57** 

**Differential Synthetic Aperture Interferometry (DInSAR) 83** 

**Using the Number of Singular Points for the Evaluation 95** 

**Based on Doppler-Phase Interference Measuring 133** 

**Estimation from Multitemporal C-Band InSAR 169** 

## Contents

### **Preface XI**


Preface

and experimental verified.

This book is an actualized reference of some interferometry applications. It provides a current overview of the theoretical and experimental aspects of interferometry

The first two chapters comprise interferometry techniques used for precise measurement of surface topography in engineering applications. Chapter 1 shows the advantages of the coherence correlation interferometry in comparison with phase shifting methods for precise measurement of surface topography. Chapter 2 includes a summary of recent developments of interferometry techniques for surface micro topography measurement and introduces a new approach to reduce coherent noise in interferometry phase-contrast image. Also, different numerical reconstruction algorithms are reviewed and compared. The principle of multiple-beam interferometry and its ability to feature extremely small height objects are described

Chapters three through eight are dedicated to interferometry applications related to Earth's topography. Chapter 3 presents a short review of some advanced multitemporal phase unwrapping approaches for the generation of surface deformation time series through the application of the small baseline subset Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (DInSAR) technique and includes experimental results, which clearly demonstrate, the validity of these approaches and their valuable applicability in real cases. Chapter 4 demonstrates the 3-D spit reconstruction from DInSAR using three C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by RADARSAT-1 SAR F 1 mode data. The chapter presents the integration between the conventional DInSAR method and the fuzzy B-spline as an excellent tool for 3-D coastal geomorphology reconstruction from SAR data under the circumstance of temporal decorrelation. Chapter 5 proposes a new method of co-registration, namely the SPEC method, which uses the number of singular points in the temporary interferogram as the evaluation criterion to co-register the master slave map locally and nonlinearly. The SPEC method successfully improves the quality of the digital elevation model, and it makes ambiguous fringes clearer in its appearance. Chapter 6 presents the interferometric phase estimation method based on subspace projection and its modified method. A fast algorithm is developed to implement the modified method, which can significantly reduce the computational burden including

techniques applied to Topography and Astronomy.

## Preface

The first two chapters comprise interferometry techniques used for precise measurement of surface topography in engineering applications. Chapter 1 shows the advantages of the coherence correlation interferometry in comparison with phase shifting methods for precise measurement of surface topography. Chapter 2 includes a summary of recent developments of interferometry techniques for surface micro topography measurement and introduces a new approach to reduce coherent noise in interferometry phase-contrast image. Also, different numerical reconstruction algorithms are reviewed and compared. The principle of multiple-beam interferometry and its ability to feature extremely small height objects are described and experimental verified.

Chapters three through eight are dedicated to interferometry applications related to Earth's topography. Chapter 3 presents a short review of some advanced multitemporal phase unwrapping approaches for the generation of surface deformation time series through the application of the small baseline subset Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (DInSAR) technique and includes experimental results, which clearly demonstrate, the validity of these approaches and their valuable applicability in real cases. Chapter 4 demonstrates the 3-D spit reconstruction from DInSAR using three C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by RADARSAT-1 SAR F 1 mode data. The chapter presents the integration between the conventional DInSAR method and the fuzzy B-spline as an excellent tool for 3-D coastal geomorphology reconstruction from SAR data under the circumstance of temporal decorrelation. Chapter 5 proposes a new method of co-registration, namely the SPEC method, which uses the number of singular points in the temporary interferogram as the evaluation criterion to co-register the master slave map locally and nonlinearly. The SPEC method successfully improves the quality of the digital elevation model, and it makes ambiguous fringes clearer in its appearance. Chapter 6 presents the interferometric phase estimation method based on subspace projection and its modified method. A fast algorithm is developed to implement the modified method, which can significantly reduce the computational burden including

This book is an actualized reference of some interferometry applications. It provides a current overview of the theoretical and experimental aspects of interferometry techniques applied to Topography and Astronomy.

theoretical analysis and simulations. Chapter 7 discusses the functional relation between Doppler shift and phase interferometry and presents some methods which can synthesize these two methods directly from mathematical formulations. Based on this fusion in a physical relationship, Doppler shift is obtained by measuring its phase demonstrating that Doppler-phase interference help to develop airborne passive location techniques, as well as correlation techniques. Chapter 8 describes methods and results giving insight into the applicability of C-band InSAR coherence data for retrieval of stem volume in boreal forests. It includes an analysis of a large dataset of European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS) tandem interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data with a focus on the accuracy by which stem volume can be estimated in boreal forest. The introduction of a method without the need for in situ data for estimating model parameters demonstrates that the estimation of stem volume is characterized by the same accuracy as when the model is trained by means of in situ measurements. The technique is based on a method by means of consistency plots. Such plots could also illustrate for what forest stands the coherence observations are less stable and the expected accuracy worse than for those closer to the ridge in the plots.

Chapter 9 is an application of interferometry in Astronomy, directed specifically to detection of planets outside our solar system. This chapter demonstrates theoretically that the existence of the planet is optically directly confirmed by detecting faint straight fringes, using a one aperture interferometer, and develops the theoretical basis for the argument that the radiation from the star is parallel to the optical axis, while that coming from the planet has a tilt. Also, a new signal-to-noise ratio of 10-3 is established.

The book has been made possible as the outcome of the exceptional work done by all authors and the professional assistance of Publishing Process Manager, Ms. Petra Nenadic, during all phases of editing.

> **Ivan Padron** New Jersey institute of Technology USA
