**Meet the editor**

Lim Hwee San is a lecturer at the school of physics, University Sains Malaysia, teaching courses in meteorology, geophysics and remote sensing. He obtained his B.Sc. from USM in Geophysics in 2001 and M.Sc. from USM in remote sensing in 2003. He obtained his Ph.D in environmental remote sensing from USM in 2006. His research interests are generally in the field of optical

remote sensing - both passive and active - and digital image processing, particularly as it applies to spectral image data. In both cases, the primary applications are water quality monitoring, air quality monitoring, land cover/change detection, land surface properties and digital images classification. He has published more than 200 articles in these areas. He is a Member of the International Society for Optical Engineering, US.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

Khalid S. Essa

F.E.M. (Ted) Lilley

Chapter 6 **What Caused the Ice Ages? 131**

Chapter 1 **Seismic Reflection Contribution to the Study** 

Rihab Guellala, Mohamed Hédi Inoubli, Lahmaidi Moumni and Taher Zouaghi

Chapter 3 **Geophysics in Near-Surface Investigations 45** 

Chapter 5 **Heat and SO2 Emission Rates at Active Volcanoes** 

Willy Woelfli and Walter Baltensperger

Chapter 7 **Origin of HED Meteorites from the Spalling** 

Chapter 8 **The Eruptions of Sarychev Peak Volcano, Kurile Arc: Particularities of Activity and Influence on the Environment 179** 

Kirill Ganzey and Marina Chibisova

**– The Case Study of Masaya, Nicaragua 107**  Letizia Spampinato and Giuseppe Salerno

**of Mercury – Implications for the Formation and Composition of the Inner Planets 153**  Anne M. Hofmeister and Robert E. Criss

Alexander Rybin, Nadezhda Razjigaeva, Artem Degterev,

Anna Wojas and Jerzy Ziętek

Chapter 4 **Magnetotelluric Tensor Decomposition:** 

**of the Jerid Complexe Terminal Aquifer (Tunisia) 1** 

Chapter 2 **New Techniques for Potential Field Data Interpretation 21** 

Jadwiga A. Jarzyna, Jerzy Dec, Jerzy Karczewski, Sławomir Porzucek, Sylwia Tomecka-Suchoń,

**Insights from Linear Algebra and Mohr Diagrams 81** 

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**


X Contents

Chapter 9 **Asymmetric Continuum Theories – Fracture Processes in Seismology and Extreme Fluid Dynamics 199**  Teisseyre Roman

## Preface

Geoscience is the scientific field of science covering all related disciplines dealing with Earth and its systems. The scientific field includes geology, physical geography, geophysics, geodesy, soil science, oceanography, hydrology, glaciology and atmospheric sciences. New Achievements in Geoscience is a comprehensive, up-todate resource for academic researchers in geophysics, environmental science, earth science, natural resource managements and their related support fields. This book attempts to highlight issues dealing with geophysical and earth sciences. It describes the research carried out by world-class scientists in the fields of geoscience.

The content of the book includes selected chapters covering seismic interpretation, potential field data interpretation and several chapters on earth science. It also includs an introductory chapter on new techniques for potential field data interpretation. This book also includes a few chapters on volcanic activity research. The knowledge and skills in regards of Howardite, Eucrite, and Diogenite meteorites (HED) originating in deep spalling of Mercury - Implications for composition and differentiation of the inner planets also described fully in this book. Finally, I'm sure that this book will provide precious opportunities for all the readers or researchers a new stage for earth science research for the benefit of the entire population. The direct contributions from the authors are sincerely appreciated by the editors, as well as the effort by Ana Skalamera for her coordinating to this book.

> **Hwee-San Lim**  School of Physics, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

**1** 

*Tunisia* 

**Seismic Reflection Contribution** 

**Terminal Aquifer (Tunisia)** 

Rihab Guellala1\*, Mohamed Hédi Inoubli2, Lahmaidi Moumni3 and Taher Zouaghi1

*3Arrondissement des Ressources en Eaux de Tozeur,* 

**to the Study of the Jerid Complexe** 

*1Laboratoire de Géoressources, CERTE, Pôle Technologique de Borj Cédria, 2Département des Sciences de la Terre, FST, Université Tunis El Manar,* 

The North African Sahara is characterized by the immense aquifer system of the «Complexe Terminal» (Fig.1) covering 655.000 Km2 of the Algerian- Tunisian-Libyan domain (UNESCO, 1972c; OSS, 2003). The aquifer thickness is on average 340 m and its reserves are estimated

According to Kilan (1931) the term « Continental Terminal » concerns the sandy and clayey continental Formations dated Miocene-Pliocene. In 1966, Bel & Demargne highlighted a vertical communication between the aquifer contained in these Formations and the Eocene, Senonian and Turonian aquifers. Consequently, the Continetal Terminal is redefined as a multi-layered aquifer which extends from the Late Cretaceous to the Miocene –Pliocene. Frequently, this hydrogeological system is designated by the term «Complexe Terminal»

The «Complexe Terminal» aquifer has been exploited since the XIX th century (Jus, 1890). The drilled wells provided much information about the aquifer. They encouraged the launching of various hydrogeological studies (Cornet, 1964 ; Ricolvi,1970; UNESCO, 1972a ; Mekrazi, 1975 ; Ben Salah & Lessi,1978 ; Levassor, 1978; Ben Baccar, 1982 ; Castany , 1982; PNUD, 1983 ; ARMINES & ENIT, 1984 ; Pizzi & Sartori, 1984 ; Besbès & Zammouri, 1985 ; Mamou, 1990; Zammouri, 1990 ; BRL, 1998; Swezey, 1999 ; Guendouz et al., 2003 ; OSS, 2003 ; Chalbaoui,

The Jerid area (Fig.2), located in the Southwestern Tunisia is an arid region where the pluviometry doesn't exceed 200 mm/year. The strong needs in water supply for domestic needs and irrigation render necessary the exploitation of the underground water reserves. The «Complexe terminal» appears as a potential resource able to provide interesting flows. However, former geological and hydrogeological studies in this region were not sufficient to propose zones and strategies for the exploitation of this resource. Tectonic and sedimentary

2005 ; Ould Baba Sy, 2005 ; Kamel et al., 2006; Guellala, 2010; Guellala et al., 2011).

phenomena and their impact on the aquifer functioning had not been elucidated.

**1. Introduction** 

of 11.000 109 m3 (Ould Baba Sy, 2005).

proposed by Bel & Cuche in 1969.
