**7. Acknowledgement**

This work is supported by cooperation of Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Osaka University Hospital and Units for Liveable Cities, Kyoto University, JAPAN

#### **8. References**


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**8** 

Nikolai E. Lazarov *Medical University-Sofia,* 

*Bulgaria* 

**The Neurochemical Anatomy of** 

 **Trigeminal Primary Afferent Neurons** 

Somatic sensations of the head and orofacial region are transmitted by trigeminal primary afferent neurons, a group of neural-crest derived sensory neurons. Most of their cell bodies are located outside the central nervous system, residing in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) but some of them lie centrally within the brainstem, in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus

The TG represents a cranial analog of the dorsal root ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (Darian-Smith, 1973). TG neurons have a unique morphology and are classified as pseudounipolar (Krastev, 2009). Their centripetal processes, usually called trigeminal primary afferents, carry somatosensory information from mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors in the face, the oral and nasal cavities, and through the portio major of the trigeminal nerve reach their main target neurons in the trigeminal sensory nuclei (Fig. 1), where they establish synaptic contacts with their perikarya (for

Mesencephalic trigeminal neurons are considered centrally displaced ganglion cells but in spite of their curious central location they maintain some characteristics of neural crest cell derivates. The great majority of MTN cells are large pseudounipolar neurons which provide the innervation of the masticatory muscle spindles and periodontal ligament pressoreceptors. Their central branches enter the trigeminal motor nucleus and several other brainstem nuclei around it (Fig. 1), where they make excitatory synaptic connections with jaw-closing motor or premotor (last-order interneurons) neurons, respectively (see Capra & Dessem, 1992 for a review). Unlike the TG cells however, MTN neurons receive synaptic inputs that potentially modify their output (reviewed in Lazarov, 2000). MTN neurons are also remarkable insofar as they, without an exception, constitute one distinct functional class of trigeminal sensory neurons, i.e. proprioceptive neurons (Jerge, 1963; Cody et al., 1972). Due to their ectopic location within the brain, in addition to this classical function, some mesencephalic trigeminal neurons may act as interneurons capable of integrating peripheral and central information prior to reaching the trigeminal motor nucleus (Kolta et al., 1995). The functional segregation between peripheral and central primary afferent neurons is a further striking feature of the mammalian trigeminal

reviews, see Darian-Smith, 1973; Dubner et al., 1978; Kruger & Young, 1981).

sensory system (reviewed in Waite, 2004).

**1. Introduction** 

(MTN).

