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**2** 

*Brazil* 

**The Mystery of P2X7 Ionotropic Receptor:** 

Ion channels are aqueous pores which allow ions to pass based upon an electrochemical gradient. In order to conduct ions, these channels modify their shape by a process called gating, a shifting between opening and closing states. These channels are gated by various stimuli i.e. applied electric field, chemical transmitters, pH, heat and cold, among others. When an electrical potential is held constant in a cell, the gating process equilibriates rather than reaching an energy-dissipating position (a cyclic steady state). Ions diffuse through open channels very fast, involving an interaction between ions, the pore, and solvent that lead to ionic selectivity, saturation, block and flux coupling (Hille, 1975a;

The ion channel has generally been viewed as having unchanging selectivity strengthening the argument that there is a degree of specificity between ion and channel. Nevertheless, some classes of ion channels present a more varied selectivity of ions, allowing impermeable ions or molecules to permeate under certain circumstances. However, the there is no a systematic approach to distinguish different ion channels and in most cases, it is necessary to differentiate the channels by their kinetics, molecular sequence, pharmacological

The diversity of channels continues to pose numerous areas to explore in physiology, molecular biology, pharmacology and biophysics.(Hille, 1991). Ion channels are generally classified into two groups: the channels that allow the passage of ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+) and those that allow the passage of large ions and solutes (ie ATP, glutamate, fluorescent dyes of low molecular weight). This second group is predominantly made up of large conductance ion channels which when activated change the permeability of cell membranes for molecules of up to 1000 Daltons (Ojcius, D. M. & Ding-E Young, J., 1990; Iacovache et al, 2010). These channels are and allow for the secretion of ATP and other intracellular

molecules, not to mention implicated in various mechanisms of cell death.

**1. Introduction 1.1 Ion channels** 

Läuger, 1973a).

properties, and response to ionic substitution.

**From a Small Conductance Channel** 

**to a Large Conductance Channel** 

R.X. Faria, L.G.B. Ferreira and L.A. Alves

*Laboratory of Cellular Communication,* 

*Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation,* 

