**11. References**


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

(Jul), pp. R59-63, ISSN 0002-9513

*Addiction,*Vol.99, No.7, (Jul), pp. 811-828

No.5, (Nov), pp. 567-573, ISSN 0091-3057

No.7, PL101-106

(Dec), pp. 1119-1127

(Jul), pp. 311-319, ISSN 0033-3158

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 225

Bertino, M.; Beauchamp, G.K. & Engelman, K. (1991). Naltrexone, an opioid blocker, alters

Bie, B.; Zhu, W. & Pan, Z.Z. (2009). Ethanol-induced delta-opioid receptor modulation of

Borg, P.J. & Taylor, D.A. (1997). Involvement of mu- and delta-opioid receptors in the effects

Broadbear, J.H.; Negus, S.S.; Butelman, E.R.; de Costa, B.R. & Woods, J.H. (1994). Differential

Broom, D.C.; Jutkiewicz, E.M.; Folk, J.E.; Traynor, J.R.; Rice, K.C. & Woods, J.H. (2002a).

Broom, D.C.; Nitsche, J.F.; Pintar, J.E.; Rice, K.C.; Woods, J.H. & Traynor, J.R. (2002b).

Bruijnzeel, A.W. (2009). kappa-Opioid receptor signaling and brain reward function. *Brain* 

Buzas, B.; Izenwasser, S.; Portoghese, P.S. & Cox, B.M. (1994). Evidence for delta opioid

Charness, M.E.; Hu, G.; Edwards, R.H. & Querimit, L.A. (1993). Ethanol increases delta-

Charness, M.E.; Querimit, L.A. & Diamond, I. (1986). Ethanol increases the expression of

Ciccocioppo, R.; Angeletti, S.; Panocka, I. & Massi, M. (2000). Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and

Ciccocioppo, R.; Economidou, D.; Fedeli, A. & Massi, M. (2003). The nociceptin/orphanin

Ciccocioppo, R.; Economidou, D.; Fedeli, A.; Angeletti, S.; Weiss, F.; Heilig, M. & Massi, M.

*J Biol Chem,*Vol.261, No.7, (Mar 5), pp. 3164-3169, ISSN 0021-9258

drugs of abuse. *Peptides,*Vol.21, No.7, (Jul), pp. 1071-1080

*Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol,*Vol.355, No.5, (May), pp. 582-588 Bouza, C.; Angeles, M.; Munoz, A. & Amate, J.M. (2004). Efficacy and safety of naltrexone

amygdala. *Neuroscience,*Vol.160, No.2, (May 5), pp. 348-358

for its antidepressant-like effects in Sprague-Dawley rats.

*Res Rev,*Vol.62, No.1, (Dec 11), pp. 127-146, ISSN 1872-6321

taste perception and nutrient intake in humans. *Am J Physiol,*Vol.261, No.1 Pt 2,

glutamate synaptic transmission and conditioned place preference in central

of systemic and locally perfused morphine on extracellular levels of dopamine, DOPAC and HVA in the nucleus accumbens of the halothane-anaesthetized rat.

and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review.

effects of systemically administered nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) on kappaopioid agonists in the mouse writhing assay. *Psychopharmacology,*Vol.115, No.3,

Convulsant activity of a non-peptidic delta-opioid receptor agonist is not required

Comparison of receptor mechanisms and efficacy requirements for delta-agonistinduced convulsive activity and antinociception in mice. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics,*Vol.303, No.2, (Nov), pp. 723-729, ISSN 0022-3565 Brown, D.R. & Holtzman, S.G. (1979). Suppression of deprivation-induced food and water

intake in rats and mice by naloxone. *Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior,*Vol.11,

receptor subtypes regulating adenylyl cyclase activity in rat brain. *Life Sci,*Vol.54,

opioid receptor gene expression in neuronal cell lines. *Mol Pharmacol,*Vol.44, No.6,

functional delta-opioid receptors in neuroblastoma x glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells.

FQ/NOP receptor system as a target for treatment of alcohol abuse: a review of recent work in alcohol-preferring rats. *Physiol Behav,*Vol.79, No.1, (Jun), pp. 121-128

(2004). Attenuation of ethanol self-administration and of conditioned reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behaviour by the antiopioid peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ in alcohol-preferring rats. *Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.172, No.2, (Mar), pp. 170-178


Amato, L.; Minozzi, S. & Davoli, M. (2011). Efficacy and safety of pharmacological

Ananthan, S.; Kezar, H.S., 3rd; Carter, R.L.; Saini, S.K.; Rice, K.C.; Wells, J.L.; Davis, P.; Xu,

Anton, R.F.; O'Malley, S.S.; Ciraulo, D.A.; Cisler, R.A.; Couper, D.; Donovan, D.M.;

randomized controlled trial. *Jama,*Vol.295, No.17, (May 3), pp. 2003-2017, Anton, R.F.; Oroszi, G.; O'Malley, S.; Couper, D.; Swift, R.; Pettinati, H. & Goldman, D.

Atkinson, R.L. (1987). Opioid regulation of food intake and body weight in humans. *Fed* 

Atkinson, R.L.; Berke, L.K.; Drake, C.R.; Bibbs, M.L.; Williams, F.L. & Kaiser, D.L. (1985).

Barson, J.R.; Carr, A.J.; Soun, J.E.; Sobhani, N.C.; Rada, P.; Leibowitz, S.F. & Hoebel, B.G.

Bart, G.; Kreek, M.J.; Ott, J.; LaForge, K.S.; Proudnikov, D.; Pollak, L. & Heilig, M. (2005).

Becker, A.; Grecksch, G.; Kraus, J.; Loh, H.H.; Schroeder, H. & Hollt, V. (2002). Rewarding

Beczkowska, I.W.; Bowen, W.D. & Bodnar, R.J. (1992). Central opioid receptor subtype

rats. *Brain research,*Vol.589, No.2, (Sep 4), pp. 291-301, ISSN 0006-8993 Benjamin, D.; Grant, E.R. & Pohorecky, L.A. (1993). Naltrexone reverses ethanol-induced

*Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.30, No.2, pp. 417-422, ISSN 0893-133X

*Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol,*Vol.365, No.4, (Apr), pp. 296-302

*research,*Vol.621, No.1, (Sep 3), pp. 137-140, ISSN 0006-8993

*Proc,*Vol.46, No.1, (Jan), pp. 178-182, ISSN 0014-9446

intake. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.34, No.2, (Feb), pp. 214-222

pyrimidomorphinans. *J Med Chem,*Vol.42, No.18, (Sep 9), pp. 3527-3538 Anton, R.F.; Moak, D.H.; Waid, L.R.; Latham, P.K.; Malcolm, R.J. & Dias, J.K. (1999).

*database of systematic reviews,*Vol., No.6, CD008537, ISSN 1469-493X

(Nov), pp. 1758-1764

1538-3636

No.4, (Oct 19), pp. 453-459

interventions for the treatment of the Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. *Cochrane* 

H.; Dersch, C.M.; Bilsky, E.J.; Porreca, F. & Rothman, R.B. (1999). Synthesis, opioid receptor binding, and biological activities of naltrexone-derived pyrido- and

Naltrexone and cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of outpatient alcoholics: results of a placebo-controlled trial. *Am J Psychiatry,*Vol.156, No.11,

Gastfriend, D.R.; Hosking, J.D.; Johnson, B.A.; LoCastro, J.S.; Longabaugh, R.; Mason, B.J.; Mattson, M.E.; Miller, W.R.; Pettinati, H.M.; Randall, C.L.; Swift, R.; Weiss, R.D.; Williams, L.D. & Zweben, A. (2006). Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a

(2008). An evaluation of mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) as a predictor of naltrexone response in the treatment of alcohol dependence: results from the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) study. *Archives of general psychiatry,*Vol.65, No.2, pp. 135-144, ISSN

Effects of long-term therapy with naltrexone on body weight in obesity. *Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics,*Vol.38, No.4, (Oct), pp. 419-422, ISSN 0009-9236 Barson, J.R.; Carr, A.J.; Soun, J.E.; Sobhani, N.C.; Leibowitz, S.F. & Hoebel, B.G. (2009).

Opioids in the nucleus accumbens stimulate ethanol intake. *Physiol Behav,*Vol.98,

(2010). Opioids in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulate ethanol

Increased attributable risk related to a functional mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with alcohol dependence in central Sweden. *Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of* 

effects of ethanol and cocaine in mu opioid receptor-deficient mice. *Naunyn* 

antagonists differentially alter sucrose and deprivation-induced water intake in

dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in awake, freely moving rats. *Brain* 


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

No.2, (Nov), pp. 875-882, ISSN 0022-3565

(Jul 30), pp. 153-155

3057

pp. 1952-1955

1185-1189

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 227

Dina, O.A.; Khasar, S.G.; Alessandri-Haber, N.; Green, P.G.; Messing, R.O. & Levine, J.D.

Dourmap, N.; Michael-Titus, A. & Costentin, J. (1990). Local enkephalins tonically modulate

Dykstra, L.A.; Schoenbaum, G.M.; Yarbrough, J.; McNutt, R. & Chang, K.J. (1993). A novel

Ebner, S.R.; Roitman, M.F.; Potter, D.N.; Rachlin, A.B. & Chartoff, E.H. (2010). Depressive-

in alcohol-preferring msP rats. *Peptides,*Vol.27, No.12, (Dec), pp. 3299-3306 Economidou, D.; Hansson, A.C.; Weiss, F.; Terasmaa, A.; Sommer, W.H.; Cippitelli, A.; Fedeli,

Ehlers, C.L.; Somes, C.; Lumeng, L. & Li, T.K. (1999). Electrophysiological response to

Endoh, T.; Matsuura, H.; Tanaka, C. & Nagase, H. (1992). Nor-binaltorphimine: a potent and

Evans, C.J.; Keith, D.E., Jr.; Morrison, H.; Magendzo, K. & Edwards, R.H. (1992). Cloning of

Eyer, F.; Schreckenberg, M.; Hecht, D.; Adorjan, K.; Schuster, T.; Felgenhauer, N.; Pfab, R.;

Eyer, F.; Schuster, T.; Felgenhauer, N.; Pfab, R.; Strubel, T.; Saugel, B. & Zilker, T. (2011b).

Filliol, D.; Ghozland, S.; Chluba, J.; Martin, M.; Matthes, H.W.; Simonin, F.; Befort, K.;

alterations of emotional responses. *Nat Genet,*Vol.25, No.2, (Jun), pp. 195-200 Franck, J.; Lindholm, S. & Raaschou, P. (1998). Modulation of volitional ethanol intake in the

*Psychopharmacology,*Vol.210, No.2, (Jun), pp. 241-252, ISSN 1432-2072 Economidou, D.; Fedeli, A.; Fardon, R.M.; Weiss, F.; Massi, M. & Ciccocioppo, R. (2006).

drinking in the rat. *Biol Psychiatry,*Vol.64, No.3, (Aug 1), pp. 211-218

*Int Pharmacodyn Ther,*Vol.316, (Mar-Apr), pp. 30-42, ISSN 0301-4533

*Alcohol Suppl,*Vol.46, No.2, (Mar-Apr), pp. 177-184, ISSN 1464-3502

No.4, (Jul-Aug), pp. 427-433, ISSN 1464-3502

*of neuroscience,*Vol.27, No.1, (Jan), pp. 83-92, ISSN 1460-9568

(2008). Alcohol-induced stress in painful alcoholic neuropathy. *The European journal* 

dopamine release in the striatum: a microdialysis study. *Brain Res,*Vol.524, No.1,

delta opioid agonist, BW373U86, in squirrel monkeys responding under a schedule of shock titration. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics,*Vol.267,

like effects of the kappa opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A are associated with decreased phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

Effect of novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor ligands on ethanol drinking

A.; Martin-Fardon, R.; Massi, M.; Ciccocioppo, R. & Heilig, M. (2008). Dysregulation of nociceptin/orphanin FQ activity in the amygdala is linked to excessive alcohol

neuropeptide Y (NPY): in alcohol-naive preferring and non-preferring rats. *Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior,*Vol.63, No.2, (Jun), pp. 291-299, ISSN 0091-

selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist with long-lasting activity in vivo. *Arch* 

a delta opioid receptor by functional expression. *Science,*Vol.258, No.5090, (Dec 18),

Strubel, T. & Zilker, T. (2011a). Carbamazepine and valproate as adjuncts in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a retrospective cohort study. *Alcohol* 

Risk assessment of moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal--predictors for seizures and delirium tremens in the course of withdrawal. *Alcohol Alcohol Suppl,*Vol.46,

Gaveriaux-Ruff, C.; Dierich, A.; LeMeur, M.; Valverde, O.; Maldonado, R. & Kieffer, B.L. (2000). Mice deficient for delta- and mu-opioid receptors exhibit opposing

rat by central delta-opioid receptors. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.22, No.6, (Sep), pp.


Ciccocioppo, R.; Economidou, D.; Rimondini, R.; Sommer, W.; Massi, M. & Heilig, M. (2007).

Ciccocioppo, R.; Martin-Fardon, R. & Weiss, F. (2002a). Effect of selective blockade of mu(1)

Ciccocioppo, R.; Polidori, C.; Antonelli, L.; Salvadori, S.; Guerrini, R. & Massi, M. (2002b).

*experimental therapeutics,*Vol.267, No.2, (Nov), pp. 888-895, ISSN 0022-3565 Contet, C.; Gaveriaux-Ruff, C.; Matifas, A.; Caradec, C.; Champy, M.F. & Kieffer, B.L. (2006).

Corwin, R.L. & Wojnicki, F.H. (2009). Baclofen, raclopride, and naltrexone differentially

Critcher, E.C.; Lin, C.I.; Patel, J. & Myers, R.D. (1983). Attenuation of alcohol drinking in

Darland, T.; Heinricher, M.M. & Grandy, D.K. (1998). Orphanin FQ/nociceptin: a role in

de Wet, J.; Lichtigfeld, F.J. & Gillman, M.A. (2001). Psychotropic analgesic nitrous oxide

Devine, D.P. & Wise, R.A. (1994). Self-administration of morphine, DAMGO, and DPDPE

Devine, D.P.; Leone, P.; Pocock, D. & Wise, R.A. (1993b). Differential involvement of ventral

*pharmacology,*Vol.20, No.5-6, (Sep), pp. 537-548, ISSN 1473-5849

*Behav,*Vol.18, No.2, (Feb), pp. 225-229

(Sep 17), pp. 348-352, ISSN 0006-8993

pp. 4-12

(Jan), pp. 220-224

1733-1744

221, ISSN 0166-2236

(Sep), pp. 1236-1246

ISSN 0004-8674

Buprenorphine reduces alcohol drinking through activation of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor system. *Biol Psychiatry,*Vol.61, No.1, (Jan 1),

or delta opioid receptors on reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior by drugassociated stimuli in rats. *Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.27, No.3, (Sep), pp. 391-399 Ciccocioppo, R.; Panocka, I.; Polidori, C.; Regoli, D. & Massi, M. (1999). Effect of nociceptin

on alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. *Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.141, No.2,

Pharmacological characterization of the nociceptin receptor which mediates reduction of alcohol drinking in rats. *Peptides,*Vol.23, No.1, (Jan), pp. 117-125, Cifani, C.; Guerrini, R.; Massi, M. & Polidori, C. (2006). Chronic intracerebroventricular

infusion of nociceptin/orphanin FQ increases food and ethanol intake in alcoholpreferring rats. *Peptides,*Vol.27, No.11, (Nov), pp. 2803-2810, ISSN 0196-9781 Comer, S.D.; Hoenicke, E.M.; Sable, A.I.; McNutt, R.W.; Chang, K.J.; De Costa, B.R.;

Mosberg, H.I. & Woods, J.H. (1993). Convulsive effects of systemic administration of the delta opioid agonist BW373U86 in mice. *The Journal of pharmacology and* 

Dissociation of analgesic and hormonal responses to forced swim stress using opioid receptor knockout mice. *Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.31, No.8, (Aug), pp.

affect intake of fat and sucrose under limited access conditions. *Behavioural* 

tetrahydroisoquinoline-treated rats by morphine and naltrexone. *Pharmacol Biochem* 

pain and analgesia, but so much more. *Trends Neurosci,*Vol.21, No.5, (May), pp. 215-

(PAN) for hyperactivity. *Aust N Z J Psychiatry,*Vol.35, No.4, (Aug), pp. 543-544,

into the ventral tegmental area of rats. *The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience,*Vol.14, No.4, (Apr), pp. 1978-1984, ISSN 0270-6474 Devine, D.P.; Leone, P.; Carlezon, W.A., Jr. & Wise, R.A. (1993a). Ventral mesencephalic

delta opioid receptors are involved in modulation of basal mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission: an anatomical localization study. *Brain research,*Vol.622, No.1-2,

tegmental mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in modulation of basal mesolimbic dopamine release: in vivo microdialysis studies. *J Pharmacol Exp Ther,*Vol.266, No.3,


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

*(Berl),*Vol.129, No.2, (Jan), pp. 99-111,

43-49

300, ISSN 0165-6147

ISSN 0036-8075

ISSN 0024-3205

0024-3205

pp. 220-226

1237-1243, ISSN 0022-3565

(Jan-Feb), pp. 39-54, ISSN 0741-8329

*Res,*Vol.25, No.1, (Jan), pp. 25-33

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 229

Hall, F.S.; Sora, I. & Uhl, G.R. (2001). Ethanol consumption and reward are decreased in mu-

Heilig, M.; Thorsell, A.; Sommer, W.H.; Hansson, A.C.; Ramchandani, V.A.; George, D.T.;

Henderson, G. & McKnight, A.T. (1997). The orphan opioid receptor and its endogenous

Herz, A. (1997). Endogenous opioid systems and alcohol addiction. *Psychopharmacology* 

Hiller, J.M.; Angel, L.M. & Simon, E.J. (1981). Multiple opiate receptors: alcohol selectively

Holter, S.M.; Henniger, M.S.; Lipkowski, A.W. & Spanagel, R. (2000). Kappa-opioid

Holtzman, S.G. (1979). Suppression of appetitive behavior in the rat by naloxone: lack of

Holtzman, S.G. (1989). Opioid- and phencyclidine-like discriminative effects of

*experimental therapeutics,*Vol.248, No.3, (Mar), pp. 1054-1062, ISSN 0022-3565 Horan, P.; Taylor, J.; Yamamura, H.I. & Porreca, F. (1992). Extremely long-lasting

Hubbell, C.L.; Czirr, S.A.; Hunter, G.A.; Beaman, C.M.; LeCann, N.C. & Reid, L.D. (1986).

Hynes, M.D.; Lochner, M.A.; Bemis, K.G. & Hymson, D.L. (1983). Chronic ethanol alters the

Hyytia, P. & Kiianmaa, K. (2001). Suppression of ethanol responding by centrally

Ingman, K.; Salvadori, S.; Lazarus, L.; Korpi, E.R. & Honkanen, A. (2003). Selective delta-

in alcohol-preferring AA rats. *Addict Biol,*Vol.8, No.2, (Jun), pp. 173-179 Iyengar, S.; Kim, H.S. & Wood, P.L. (1987). Mu-, delta-, kappa- and epsilon-opioid receptor

*Rev,*Vol.35, No.2, (Nov), pp. 334-344, ISSN 1873-7528

*Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.153, No.1, (Dec), pp. 93-102,

opiate receptor knockout mice. *Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.154, No.1, (Feb), pp.

Hommer, D. & Barr, C.S. (2010). Translating the neuroscience of alcoholism into clinical treatments: from blocking the buzz to curing the blues. *Neurosci Biobehav* 

ligand--nociceptin/orphanin FQ. *Trends Pharmacol Sci,*Vol.18, No.8, (Aug), pp. 293-

inhibits binding to delta receptors. *Science,*Vol.214, No.4519, (Oct 23), pp. 468-469,

receptors and relapse-like drinking in long-term ethanol-experienced rats.

effect of prior morphine dependence. *Life sciences,*Vol.24, No.3, (Jan 15), pp. 219-226,

ditolylguanidine, a selective sigma ligand. *The Journal of pharmacology and* 

antagonistic actions of nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) in the mouse tail-flick test. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics,*Vol.260, No.3, (Mar), pp.

Consumption of ethanol solution is potentiated by morphine and attenuated by naloxone persistently across repeated daily administrations. *Alcohol,*Vol.3, No.1,

receptor binding characteristics of the delta opioid receptor ligand, D-Ala2-D-Leu5 enkephalin in mouse brain. *Life sciences,*Vol.33, No.23, (Dec 5), pp. 2331-2337, ISSN

administered CTOP and naltrindole in AA and Wistar rats. *Alcohol Clin Exp* 

opioid receptor antagonist N,N(CH3)2-Dmt-Tic-OH does not reduce ethanol intake

modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis: subchronic tolerance studies of endogenous opioid peptides. *Brain Res,*Vol.435, No.1-2, (Dec 1),


Froehlich, J.C.; Badia-Elder, N.E.; Zink, R.W.; McCullough, D.E. & Portoghese, P.S. (1998).

Froehlich, J.C.; Zweifel, M.; Harts, J.; Lumeng, L. & Li, T.K. (1991). Importance of delta

Fuller, R.K.; Branchey, L.; Brightwell, D.R.; Derman, R.M.; Emrick, C.D.; Iber, F.L.; James,

Gaiardi, M.; Bartoletti, M.; Bacchi, A.; Gubellini, C.; Costa, M. & Babbini, M. (1991). Role of

Gardell, L.R.; Hubbell, C.L. & Reid, L.D. (1996). Naltrexone persistently reduces rats' intake of a palatable alcoholic beverage. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.20, No.3, (May), pp. 584-588 Gatch, M.B. (2009). Ethanol withdrawal and hyperalgesia. *Current drug abuse reviews,*Vol.2,

George, D.T.; Gilman, J.; Hersh, J.; Thorsell, A.; Herion, D.; Geyer, C.; Peng, X.; Kielbasa, W.;

Gillman, M.A. & Lichtigfeld, F.J. (1990). Analgesic nitrous oxide for alcohol withdrawal: a

Goldstein, A. & Naidu, A. (1989). Multiple opioid receptors: ligand selectivity profiles and binding site signatures. *Mol Pharmacol,*Vol.36, No.2, (Aug), pp. 265-272 Gonzales, R.A. & Weiss, F. (1998). Suppression of ethanol-reinforced behavior by naltrexone

Gonzalvez, M.L.; Milanes, M.V. & Vargas, M.L. (1991). Effects of acute and chronic

Gundlach, A.L.; Largent, B.L. & Snyder, S.H. (1985). Phencyclidine and sigma opiate

*journal of pharmacology,*Vol.113, No.3, (Jul 31), pp. 465-466, ISSN 0014-2999 Gundlach, A.L.; Largent, B.L. & Snyder, S.H. (1986). Autoradiographic localization of sigma

*of the Society for Neuroscience,*Vol.6, No.6, (Jun), pp. 1757-1770, ISSN 0270-6474

behavior. *J Pharmacol Exp Ther,*Vol.287, No.1, (Oct), pp. 284-292

*(Berl),*Vol.103, No.4, 467-472

0033-3158

*Jama,*Vol.256, No.11, (Sep 19), pp. 1449-1455

No.1, (Jan), pp. 41-50, ISSN 1874-4745

No.5, 663-671, ISSN 1532-2491

546, ISSN 0032-5473

0270-6474

158

Contribution of the opioid system to alcohol aversion and alcohol drinking

opioid receptors in maintaining high alcohol drinking. *Psychopharmacology* 

K.E.; Lacoursiere, R.B.; Lee, K.K.; Lowenstam, I. & et al. (1986). Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. A Veterans Administration cooperative study.

repeated exposure to morphine in determining its affective properties: place and taste conditioning studies in rats. *Psychopharmacology,*Vol.103, No.2, 183-186, ISSN

Rawlings, R.; Brandt, J.E.; Gehlert, D.R.; Tauscher, J.T.; Hunt, S.P.; Hommer, D. & Heilig, M. (2008). Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonism as a possible therapy for alcoholism. *Science,*Vol.319, No.5869, (Mar 14), pp. 1536-1539, ISSN 1095-9203 Gerra, G.; Maremmani, I.; Capovani, B.; Somaini, L.; Berterame, S.; Tomas-Rossello, J.; Saenz,

E.; Busse, A. & Kleber, H. (2009). Long-acting opioid-agonists in the treatment of heroin addiction: why should we call them "substitution"? *Subst Use Misuse,*Vol.44,

critical appraisal after 10 years' use. *Postgrad Med J,*Vol.66, No.777, (Jul), pp. 543-

is associated with attenuation of the ethanol-induced increase in dialysate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. *The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience,*Vol.18, No.24, (Dec 15), pp. 10663-10671, ISSN

administration of mu- and delta-opioid agonists on the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis in the rat. *Eur J Pharmacol,*Vol.200, No.1, (Jul 23), pp. 155-

receptors in brain: biochemical and autoradiographical differentiation. *European* 

receptor binding sites in guinea pig and rat central nervous system with (+)3H-3-(3 hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine. *The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal* 


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

(Sep), pp. 960-968, ISSN 0022-3565

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 231

Kumor, K.M.; Haertzen, C.A.; Johnson, R.E.; Kocher, T. & Jasinski, D. (1986). Human

Kuzmin, A.; Kreek, M.J.; Bakalkin, G. & Liljequist, S. (2007). The nociceptin/orphanin FQ

Leighton, G.E.; Rodriguez, R.E.; Hill, R.G. & Hughes, J. (1988). kappa-Opioid agonists

Levine, A.S. & Atkinson, R.L. (1987). Opioids in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. *Fed Proc,*Vol.46, No.1, (Jan), pp. 159-162, ISSN 0014-9446 Li, L.; Zhang, X.; Levine, B.; Li, G.; Zielke, H.R. & Fowler, D.R. (2011). Trends and pattern of

Lindholm, S.; Werme, M.; Brene, S. & Franck, J. (2001). The selective kappa-opioid receptor

Ling, W.; Rawson, R.A. & Compton, M.A. (1994). Substitution pharmacotherapies for opioid

Liu, X. & Weiss, F. (2002). Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol

Lucchi, L.; Rius, R.A.; Govoni, S. & Trabucchi, M. (1985). Chronic ethanol induces changes in

Lucchi, L.; Rius, R.A.; Uzumaki, H.; Govoni, S. & Trabucchi, M. (1984). Chronic ethanol

Maggio, C.A.; Presta, E.; Bracco, E.F.; Vasselli, J.R.; Kissileff, H.R.; Pfohl, D.N. & Hashim, S.A.

Malcolm, R.; O'Neil, P.M.; Sexauer, J.D.; Riddle, F.E.; Currey, H.S. & Counts, C. (1985). A

Margolis, E.B.; Fields, H.L.; Hjelmstad, G.O. & Mitchell, J.M. (2008). Delta-opioid receptor

consumption. *J Neurosci,*Vol.28, No.48, (Nov 26), pp. 12672-12681

*Drugs,*Vol.26, No.2, (Apr-Jun), pp. 119-128, ISSN 0279-1072

*Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.21, No.3, (Sep), pp. 435-444

*Biochem Behav,*Vol.39, No.2, (Jun), pp. 469-472

*Res,*Vol.120, No.2, (May), pp. 137-146

1033, ISSN 1556-4029

(Sep 15), pp. 7856-7861

Apr), pp. 193-195

pp. 368-371,

0307-0565

psychopharmacology of ketocyclazocine as compared with cyclazocine, morphine and placebo. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics,*Vol.238, No.3,

receptor agonist Ro 64-6198 reduces alcohol self-administration and prevents relapselike alcohol drinking. *Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.32, No.4, (Apr), pp. 902-910 Le, A.D.; Poulos, C.X.; Harding, S.; Watchus, J.; Juzytsch, W. & Shaham, Y. (1999). Effects of

naltrexone and fluoxetine on alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking induced by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress.

produce antinociception after i.v. and i.c.v. but not intrathecal administration in the rat. *British journal of pharmacology,*Vol.93, No.3, (Mar), pp. 553-560, ISSN 0007-1188 Leone, P.; Pocock, D. & Wise, R.A. (1991). Morphine-dopamine interaction: ventral

tegmental morphine increases nucleus accumbens dopamine release. *Pharmacol* 

drug abuse deaths in Maryland teenagers. *J Forensic Sci,*Vol.56, No.4, (Jul), pp. 1029-

agonist U50,488H attenuates voluntary ethanol intake in the rat. *Behav Brain* 

addiction: from methadone to LAAM and buprenorphine. *J Psychoactive* 

seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. *J Neurosci,*Vol.22, No.18,

opiate receptor function and in met-enkephalin release. *Alcohol,*Vol.2, No.2, (Mar-

changes opiate receptor function in rat striatum. *Brain Res,*Vol.293, No.2, (Feb 20),

(1985). Naltrexone and human eating behavior: a dose-ranging inpatient trial in moderately obese men. *Brain Res Bull,*Vol.14, No.6, (Jun), pp. 657-661, ISSN 0361-9230

controlled trial of naltrexone in obese humans. *Int J Obes,*Vol.9, No.5, 347-353, ISSN

expression in the ventral tegmental area protects against elevated alcohol


Jochum, T.; Boettger, M.K.; Burkhardt, C.; Juckel, G. & Bar, K.J. (2010). Increased pain

Johnson, B.A. (2008). Update on neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: scientific basis and clinical findings. *Biochem Pharmacol,*Vol.75, No.1, (Jan 1), pp. 34-56 June, H.L.; McCane, S.R.; Zink, R.W.; Portoghese, P.S.; Li, T.K. & Froehlich, J.C. (1999). The

Kamei, J.; Iwamoto, Y.; Misawa, M.; Nagase, H. & Kasuya, Y. (1994). Streptozotocin-induced

Kamei, J.; Kawai, K.; Mizusuna, A.; Saitoh, A.; Morita, K.; Narita, M.; Tseng, L.F. & Nagase,

Kieffer, B.L.; Befort, K.; Gaveriaux-Ruff, C. & Hirth, C.G. (1992). The delta-opioid receptor:

Kim, J.H.; Karpyak, V.M.; Biernacka, J.M.; Nam, H.W.; Lee, M.R.; Preuss, U.W.; Zill, P.;

Koch, J.E.; Glass, M.J.; Cooper, M.L. & Bodnar, R.J. (1995). Alterations in deprivation,

Koster, A.; Montkowski, A.; Schulz, S.; Stube, E.M.; Knaudt, K.; Jenck, F.; Moreau, J.L.;

Kovacs, K.M.; Szakall, I.; O'Brien, D.; Wang, R.; Vinod, K.Y.; Saito, M.; Simonin, F.; Kieffer, B.L.

receptor knock-out mice. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.29, No.5, (May), pp. 730-738 Krishnan-Sarin, S.; Jing, S.L.; Kurtz, D.L.; Zweifel, M.; Portoghese, P.S.; Li, T.K. & Froehlich,

Krishnan-Sarin, S.; Portoghese, P.S.; Li, T.K. & Froehlich, J.C. (1995b). The delta 2-opioid

alcohol preference. *Pharmacol Biochem Behav,*Vol.52, No.1, (Sep), pp. 153-159

*Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.120, No.2, (Jul), pp. 177-185

*Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,*Vol.89, No.24, (Dec 15), pp. 12048-12052,

withdrawal seizures. *PLoS One,*Vol.6, No.1, e16331, ISSN 1932-6203 Koch, J.E. & Bodnar, R.J. (1994). Selective alterations in macronutrient intake of food-

ethanol. *Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.147, No.1, (Nov), pp. 81-89,

opioid receptors. *Life Sci,*Vol.55, No.6, PL121-126

(Aug), pp. 713-718, ISSN 1532-2149

pp. 131-135, ISSN 0014-2999

(Jun), pp. 951-957, ISSN 0306-4522

8993

10449

sensitivity in alcohol withdrawal syndrome. *European journal of pain,*Vol.14, No.7,

delta 2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben reduces motivated responding for

diabetes selectively enhances antinociception mediated by delta 1- but not delta 2-

H. (1997). Supraspinal delta 1-opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive properties of (-)-TAN-67 in diabetic mice. *Eur J Pharmacol,*Vol.322, No.1, (Mar 12), pp. 27-30 Kamei, J.; Saitoh, A.; Ohsawa, M.; Suzuki, T.; Misawa, M.; Nagase, H. & Kasuya, Y. (1995).

Antinociceptive effects of the selective non-peptidic delta-opioid receptor agonist TAN-67 in diabetic mice. *European journal of pharmacology,*Vol.276, No.1-2, (Mar 24),

isolation of a cDNA by expression cloning and pharmacological characterization.

Yoon, G.; Colby, C.; Mrazek, D.A. & Choi, D.S. (2011). Functional role of the polymorphic 647 T/C variant of ENT1 (SLC29A1) and its association with alcohol

deprived or glucoprivic rats by centrally-administered opioid receptor subtype antagonists in rats. *Brain research,*Vol.657, No.1-2, (Sep 19), pp. 191-201, ISSN 0006-

glucoprivic and sucrose intake following general, mu and kappa opioid antagonists in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats. *Neuroscience,*Vol.66, No.4,

Nothacker, H.P.; Civelli, O. & Reinscheid, R.K. (1999). Targeted disruption of the orphanin FQ/nociceptin gene increases stress susceptibility and impairs stress adaptation in mice. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,*Vol.96, No.18, (Aug 31), pp. 10444-

& Vadasz, C. (2005). Decreased oral self-administration of alcohol in kappa-opioid

J.C. (1995a). The delta opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole attenuates both alcohol and saccharin intake in rats selectively bred for alcohol preference.

receptor antagonist naltriben selectively attenuates alcohol intake in rats bred for


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

No.4, (Sep), pp. 321-327, ISSN 0033-3158

(Sep), pp. 381-415, ISSN 0031-6997

pp. 333-337, ISSN 0306-4522

507-512, ISSN 0893-133X

pp. 119-122, ISSN 0278-5846

No.3, (Sep), pp. 1025-1034, ISSN 0022-3565

ISSN 0048-5764

*psychiatry,*Vol.22, No.1, (Jan), pp. 35-42, ISSN 0006-3223

*Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.182, No.3, (Nov), pp. 384-392

180-190

1095-953X

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 233

Middaugh, L.D. & Bandy, A.L. (2000). Naltrexone effects on ethanol consumption and

Mitchell, J.E.; Morley, J.E.; Levine, A.S.; Hatsukami, D.; Gannon, M. & Pfohl, D. (1987). High-

Mitchell, J.M.; Bergren, L.J.; Chen, K.S.; Rowbotham, M.C. & Fields, H.L. (2009). Naltrexone

Mitchell, J.M.; Liang, M.T. & Fields, H.L. (2005). A single injection of the kappa opioid

Mogil, J.S. & Pasternak, G.W. (2001). The molecular and behavioral pharmacology of the

Mogil, J.S.; Grisel, J.E.; Reinscheid, R.K.; Civelli, O.; Belknap, J.K. & Grandy, D.K. (1996a).

Mogil, J.S.; Grisel, J.E.; Zhangs, G.; Belknap, J.K. & Grandy, D.K. (1996b). Functional

*Neuroscience letters,*Vol.214, No.2-3, (Aug 23), pp. 131-134, ISSN 0304-3940 Moller, C.; Sommer, W.; Thorsell, A. & Heilig, M. (1999). Anxiogenic-like action of galanin

Moller, C.; Sommer, W.; Thorsell, A.; Rimondini, R. & Heilig, M. (2002). Anxiogenic-like

Morley, J.E.; Gosnell, B.A.; Krahn, D.D.; Mitchell, J.E. & Levine, A.S. (1985).

Negri, L.; Potenza, R.L.; Corsi, R. & Melchiorri, P. (1991). Evidence for two subtypes of delta opioid receptors in rat brain. *Eur J Pharmacol,*Vol.196, No.3, (Apr 24), pp. 335-336 Negus, S.S.; Butelman, E.R.; Chang, K.J.; DeCosta, B.; Winger, G. & Woods, J.H. (1994).

Nestby, P.; Schoffelmeer, A.N.; Homberg, J.R.; Wardeh, G.; De Vries, T.J.; Mulder, A.H. &

*Psychopharmacology,*Vol.142, No.3, (Mar), pp. 309-317, ISSN 0033-3158 Nielsen, C.K.; Ross, F.B.; Lotfipour, S.; Saini, K.S.; Edwards, S.R. & Smith, M.T. (2007).

increased by acute ethanol administration. *Brain Res,*Vol.1028, No.2, (Dec 3), pp.

response to ethanol conditioned cues in C57BL/6 mice. *Psychopharmacology,*Vol.151,

dose naltrexone therapy and dietary counseling for obesity. *Biological* 

aversion and treatment efficacy are greatest in humans and rats that actively consume high levels of alcohol. *Neurobiol Dis,*Vol.33, No.1, (Jan), pp. 72-80, ISSN

antagonist norbinaltorphimine increases ethanol consumption in rats.

orphanin FQ/nociceptin peptide and receptor family. *Pharmacol Rev,*Vol.53, No.3,

Orphanin FQ is a functional anti-opioid peptide. *Neuroscience,*Vol.75, No.2, (Nov),

antagonism of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid antinociception by orphanin FQ.

after intra-amygdala administration in the rat. *Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.21, No.4, (Oct), pp.

action of centrally administered glucagon-like peptide-1 in a punished drinking test. *Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry,*Vol.26, No.1, (Jan),

Neuropeptidergic regulation of feeding. *Psychopharmacol Bull,*Vol.21, No.3, 400-405,

Behavioral effects of the systemically active delta opioid agonist BW373U86 in rhesus monkeys. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics,*Vol.270,

Vanderschuren, L.J. (1999). Bremazocine reduces unrestricted free-choice ethanol self-administration in rats without affecting sucrose preference.

Oxycodone and morphine have distinctly different pharmacological profiles:


Margolis, E.B.; Hjelmstad, G.O.; Bonci, A. & Fields, H.L. (2003). Kappa-opioid agonists

Marinelli, P.W.; Funk, D.; Harding, S.; Li, Z.; Juzytsch, W. & Le, A.D. (2009). Roles of opioid

Mark, T.L.; Kranzler, H.R. & Song, X. (2003b). Understanding US addiction physicians' low

Mark, T.L.; Kranzler, H.R.; Poole, V.H.; Hagen, C.A.; McLeod, C. & Crosse, S. (2003a).

Martin, W.R.; Eades, C.G.; Thompson, J.A.; Huppler, R.E. & Gilbert, P.E. (1976). The effects

Martin-Fardon, R.; Ciccocioppo, R.; Massi, M. & Weiss, F. (2000). Nociceptin prevents stress-

Matsuzawa, S.; Suzuki, T.; Misawa, M. & Nagase, H. (1998). Involvement of mu- and delta-

Matsuzawa, S.; Suzuki, T.; Misawa, M. & Nagase, H. (1999a). Different roles of mu-, delta-

to conditioned fear stress. *Eur J Pharmacol,*Vol.368, No.1, (Feb 26), pp. 9-16 Matsuzawa, S.; Suzuki, T.; Misawa, M. & Nagase, H. (1999b). Roles of 5-HT3 and opioid

Mattia, A.; Vanderah, T.; Mosberg, H.I. & Porreca, F. (1991). Lack of antinociceptive cross-

Maurice, T.; Casalino, M.; Lacroix, M. & Romieu, P. (2003). Involvement of the sigma 1

McBride, W.J.; Murphy, J.M. & Ikemoto, S. (1999). Localization of brain reinforcement

Mendez, M.; Barbosa-Luna, I.G.; Perez-Luna, J.M.; Cupo, A. & Oikawa, J. (2010). Effects of

Mendez, M.; Morales-Mulia, M. & Leriche, M. (2004). [3H]DPDPE binding to delta opioid

context. *Eur J Neurosci,*Vol.30, No.4, (Aug), pp. 671-678

*therapeutics,*Vol.197, No.3, (Jun), pp. 517-532, ISSN 0022-3565

shock stress. *Brain Res,*Vol.803, No.1-2, (Aug 24), pp. 169-177,

*and behavior,*Vol.74, No.4, (Mar), pp. 869-876, ISSN 0091-3057

*Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.189, No.1, (Nov), pp. 117-124,

fear stress. *Life Sci,*Vol.64, No.21, PL241-249

ISSN 1529-2401

Sep), pp. 281-294

(Jun 26), pp. 1939-1943

583-587

228

directly inhibit midbrain dopaminergic neurons. *The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience,*Vol.23, No.31, (Nov 5), pp. 9981-9986,

receptor subtypes in mediating alcohol-seeking induced by discrete cues and

rate of naltrexone prescription. *Drug Alcohol Depend,*Vol.71, No.3, (Sep 10), pp. 219-

Barriers to the use of medications to treat alcoholism. *Am J Addict,*Vol.12, No.4, (Jul-

of morphine- and nalorphine- like drugs in the nondependent and morphinedependent chronic spinal dog. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental* 

induced ethanol- but not cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. *Neuroreport,*Vol.11, No.9,

opioid receptors in the ethanol-associated place preference in rats exposed to foot

and kappa-opioid receptors in ethanol-associated place preference in rats exposed

receptors in the ethanol-induced place preference in rats exposed to conditioned

tolerance between [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin and [D-Ala2]deltorphin II in mice: evidence for delta receptor subtypes. *J Pharmacol Exp Ther,*Vol.258, No.2, (Aug), pp.

receptor in the motivational effects of ethanol in mice. *Pharmacology, biochemistry,* 

mechanisms: intracranial self-administration and intracranial place-conditioning studies. *Behavioural brain research,*Vol.101, No.2, (Jun), pp. 129-152, ISSN 0166-4328 Mendez, M. & Morales-Mulia, M. (2006). Ethanol exposure differentially alters pro-

enkephalin mRNA expression in regions of the mesocorticolimbic system.

acute ethanol administration on methionine-enkephalin expression and release in regions of the rat brain. *Neuropeptides,*Vol.44, No.5, (Oct), pp. 413-420, ISSN 1532-2785

receptors in the rat mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways is transiently

increased by acute ethanol administration. *Brain Res,*Vol.1028, No.2, (Dec 3), pp. 180-190


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

(Dec), pp. 610-625,

ISSN 0091-3057

0304-3959

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 235

Pettinati, H.M.; Gastfriend, D.R.; Dong, Q.; Kranzler, H.R. & O'Malley, S.S. (2009). Effect of

Pettinati, H.M.; O'Brien, C.P.; Rabinowitz, A.R.; Wortman, S.P.; Oslin, D.W.; Kampman,

Pettinati, H.M.; Volpicelli, J.R.; Pierce, J.D., Jr. & O'Brien, C.P. (2000). Improving naltrexone

compliance in alcohol dependent patients. *J Addict Dis,*Vol.19, No.1, 71-83, Pfeiffer, A.; Brantl, V.; Herz, A. & Emrich, H.M. (1986). Psychotomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors. *Science,*Vol.233, No.4765, (Aug 15), pp. 774-776, ISSN 0036-8075

Pohorecky, L.A.; Skiandos, A.; Zhang, X.; Rice, K.C. & Benjamin, D. (1999). Effect of chronic

Quirion, R.; Bowen, W.D.; Itzhak, Y.; Junien, J.L.; Musacchio, J.M.; Rothman, R.B.; Su, T.P.;

Reid, L.D. & Hunter, G.A. (1984). Morphine and naloxone modulate intake of ethanol.

Reinscheid, R.K.; Ardati, A.; Monsma, F.J., Jr. & Civelli, O. (1996). Structure-activity

Reinscheid, R.K.; Higelin, J.; Henningsen, R.A.; Monsma, F.J., Jr. & Civelli, O. (1998).

Rimoy, G.H.; Wright, D.M.; Bhaskar, N.K. & Rubin, P.C. (1994). The cardiovascular and

receptor agonist. *Eur J Clin Pharmacol,*Vol.46, No.3, 203-207, ISSN 0031-6970 Roberts, A.J.; Gold, L.H.; Polis, I.; McDonald, J.S.; Filliol, D.; Kieffer, B.L. & Koob, G.F. (2001).

Roberts, A.J.; McDonald, J.S.; Heyser, C.J.; Kieffer, B.L.; Matthes, H.W.; Koob, G.F. & Gold,

Ross, F.B. & Smith, M.T. (1997). The intrinsic antinociceptive effects of oxycodone appear to

sites. *Trends Pharmacol Sci,*Vol.13, No.3, (Mar), pp. 85-86, ISSN 0165-6147 Rao, R.E.; Wojnicki, F.H.; Coupland, J.; Ghosh, S. & Corwin, R.L. (2008). Baclofen, raclopride,

*Psychopharmacology,*Vol.164, No.1, (Oct), pp. 42-48, ISSN 0033-3158

patients. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.33, No.2, (Feb), pp. 350-356,

 *pharmacology,*Vol.12, No.5, (Sep), pp. 325-333, ISSN 0955-8810

*Ther,*Vol.290, No.1, (Jul), pp. 196-206,

*Alcohol,*Vol.1, No.1, (Jan-Feb), pp. 33-37,

pp. 535-542, ISSN 0740-5472

No.24, (Jun 14), pp. 14163-14168, ISSN 0021-9258

*Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.25, No.9, (Sep), pp. 1249-1256

*Pharmacol Exp Ther,*Vol.293, No.3, (Jun), pp. 1002-1008

extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) on quality of life in alcohol-dependent

K.M. & Dackis, C.A. (2006). The status of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence: specific effects on heavy drinking. *J Clin Psychopharmacol,*Vol.26, No.6,

response: an intervention for medical practitioners to enhance medication

social stress on delta-opioid receptor function in the rat. *J Pharmacol Exp* 

Tam, S.W. & Taylor, D.P. (1992). A proposal for the classification of sigma binding

and naltrexone differentially reduce solid fat emulsion intake under limited access conditions. *Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior,*Vol.89, No.4, (Jun), pp. 581-590,

relationship studies on the novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ. *J Biol Chem,*Vol.271,

Structures that delineate orphanin FQ and dynorphin A pharmacological selectivities. *J Biol Chem,*Vol.273, No.3, (Jan 16), pp. 1490-1495, ISSN 0021-9258 Rhodes, D.J. & Grossman, S.A. (1997). Hydromorphone polymer implant. A potential

alternative to methadone maintenance. *J Subst Abuse Treat,*Vol.14, No.6, (Nov-Dec),

central nervous system effects in the human of U-62066E. A selective opioid

Increased ethanol self-administration in delta-opioid receptor knockout mice.

L.H. (2000). mu-Opioid receptor knockout mice do not self-administer alcohol. *J* 

be kappa-opioid receptor mediated. *Pain,*Vol.73, No.2, (Nov), pp. 151-157, ISSN

radioligand binding and behavioural studies in two rat models of neuropathic pain. *Pain,*Vol.132, No.3, (Dec 5), pp. 289-300, ISSN 1872-6623


Nielsen, C.K.; Simms, J.A.; Bito-Onon, J.J.; Li, R.; Ananthan, S. & Bartlett, S.E. (2011). The

Nielsen, C.K.; Simms, J.A.; Pierson, H.B.; Li, R.; Saini, S.K.; Ananthan, S. & Bartlett, S.E.

Nissen, L.M.; Tett, S.E.; Cramond, T.; Williams, B. & Smith, M.T. (2001). Opioid analgesic

O'Brien C, P. (2005). Benzodiazepine use, abuse, and dependence. *J Clin Psychiatry,*Vol.66

O'Malley, S.S.; Garbutt, J.C.; Gastfriend, D.R.; Dong, Q. & Kranzler, H.R. (2007). Efficacy of

Oncken, C.; Van Kirk, J. & Kranzler, H.R. (2001). Adverse effects of oral naltrexone: analysis

Oroszi, G.; Anton, R.F.; O'Malley, S.; Swift, R.; Pettinati, H.; Couper, D.; Yuan, Q. & Goldman,

Oslin, D.W.; Berrettini, W.; Kranzler, H.R.; Pettinati, H.; Gelernter, J.; Volpicelli, J.R. & O'Brien,

Paronis, C.A. & Bergman, J. (2011). Buprenorphine and opioid antagonism, tolerance, and

Peng, P.; Tumber, P.; Stafford, M.; Gourlay, D.; Wong, P.; Galonski, M.; Evans, D. & Gordon,

Perrine, S.A.; Hoshaw, B.A. & Unterwald, E.M. (2006). Delta opioid receptor ligands

Petit, F.; Hamon, M.; Fournie-Zaluski, M.C.; Roques, B.P. & Glowinski, J. (1986). Further

O'Shea, B. (2000). Disulfiram revisited. *Hosp Med,*Vol.61, No.12, (Dec), pp. 849-851

*therapeutics,*Vol.336, No.2, (Feb), pp. 488-495, ISSN 1521-0103

before treatment. *J Clin Psychopharmacol,*Vol.27, No.5, (Oct), pp. 507-512, O'Malley, S.S.; Jaffe, A.J.; Chang, G.; Schottenfeld, R.S.; Meyer, R.E. & Rounsaville, B. (1992).

pain. *Pain,*Vol.132, No.3, (Dec 5), pp. 289-300, ISSN 1872-6623

reinstatement of ethanol-seeking. *Addict Biol,*Vol., (Feb 11),

*Pharmacol,*Vol.52, No.6, (Dec), pp. 693-698, ISSN 0306-5251

*Arch Gen Psychiatry,*Vol.49, No.11, (Nov), pp. 881-887,

*Psychiatry,*Vol.64, No.11, (Dec 1), pp. 974-981

Suppl 2, 28-33, ISSN 0160-6689

402, ISSN 0033-3158

1546-1552, ISSN 0893-133X

ISSN 1530-0277

ISSN 1526-4637

864-872

radioligand binding and behavioural studies in two rat models of neuropathic

delta opioid receptor antagonist, SoRI-9409, decreases yohimbine stress-induced

(2008). A novel delta opioid receptor antagonist, SoRI-9409, produces a selective and long-lasting decrease in ethanol consumption in heavy-drinking rats. *Biol* 

prescribing and use - an audit of analgesic prescribing by general practitioners and The Multidisciplinary Pain Centre at Royal Brisbane Hospital. *Br J Clin* 

extended-release naltrexone in alcohol-dependent patients who are abstinent

Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. A controlled study.

of data from two clinical trials. *Psychopharmacology,*Vol.154, No.4, (Apr), pp. 397-

D. (2009). OPRM1 Asn40Asp predicts response to naltrexone treatment: a haplotypebased approach. *Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research,*Vol.33, No.3, pp. 383-393,

C.P. (2003). A functional polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene is associated with naltrexone response in alcohol-dependent patients. *Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology,* Vol.28, No.8, pp.

naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental* 

A. (2008). Experience of methadone therapy in 100 consecutive chronic pain patients in a multidisciplinary pain center. *Pain Med,*Vol.9, No.7, (Oct), pp. 786-794,

modulate anxiety-like behaviors in the rat. *Br J Pharmacol,*Vol.147, No.8, (Apr), pp.

evidence for a role of delta-opiate receptors in the presynaptic regulation of newly synthesized dopamine release. *Eur J Pharmacol,*Vol.126, No.1-2, (Jul 15), pp. 1-9


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

*Psychiatry,*Vol.65, No.2, (Jan 15), pp. 169-174

*Drug Targets,*Vol.7, No.5, (Nov), pp. 442-453

No.8, (Aug), pp. A4307, ISSN 1603-9629

(Jan), pp. 25-31, ISSN 0959-5236

(Oct), pp. 388-395, ISSN 1523-3812

*Neurochem,*Vol.55, No.5, (Nov), pp. 1734-1740

*U S A,*Vol.89, No.6, (Mar 15), pp. 2046-2050

*behavior,*Vol.40, No.2, 135-141, ISSN 0031-9384

ISSN 1872-6283

No.8, 769-775

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 237

Shippenberg, T.S. & Herz, A. (1986). Differential effects of mu and kappa opioid systems on motivational processes. *NIDA research monograph,*Vol.75, 563-566, ISSN 1046-9516 Shippenberg, T.S.; Chefer, V.I. & Thompson, A.C. (2009). Delta-opioid receptor antagonists

Shippenberg, T.S.; Heidbreder, C. & Lefevour, A. (1996). Sensitization to the conditioned

Simms, J.A.; Steensland, P.; Medina, B.; Abernathy, K.E.; Chandler, L.J.; Wise, R. & Bartlett,

Simonsen, K.W.; Hansen, C.A.; Rollmann, D.; Kringsholm, B.; Muller, I.B.; Johansen, S.S. &

Simonsen, K.W.; Normann, P.T.; Ceder, G.; Vuori, E.; Thordardottir, S.; Thelander, G.;

Sinha, R. & Li, C.S. (2007). Imaging stress- and cue-induced drug and alcohol craving:

Sinha, R. (2007). The role of stress in addiction relapse. *Current psychiatry reports,*Vol.9, No.5,

Sofuoglu, M.; Portoghese, P.S. & Takemori, A.E. (1991). Differential antagonism of delta

Sofuoglu, M.; Portoghese, P.S. & Takemori, A.E. (1993). 7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX): a

Sommer, W.; Moller, C.; Wiklund, L.; Thorsell, A.; Rimondini, R.; Nissbrandt, H. & Heilig,

*Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.24, No.4, (Apr), pp. 430-440, ISSN 0893-133X Spanagel, R.; Herz, A. & Shippenberg, T.S. (1990). The effects of opioid peptides on

Spanagel, R.; Herz, A. & Shippenberg, T.S. (1992). Opposing tonically active endogenous

Spiegel, T.A.; Stunkard, A.J.; Shrager, E.E.; O'Brien, C.P.; Morrison, M.F. & Stellar, E. (1987).

*therapeutics,*Vol.257, No.2, (May), pp. 676-680, ISSN 0022-3565

*journal of pharmacology,*Vol.299, No.1-3, (Mar 28), pp. 33-39, ISSN 0014-2999 Shippenberg, T.S.; LeFevour, A. & Chefer, V.I. (2008). Targeting endogenous mu- and delta-

prevent sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine. *Biol* 

rewarding effects of morphine: pharmacology and temporal characteristics. *European* 

opioid receptor systems for the treatment of drug addiction. *CNS Neurol Disord* 

S.E. (2008). Intermittent access to 20% ethanol induces high ethanol consumption in Long-Evans and Wistar rats. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.32, No.10, (Oct), pp. 1816-1823

Linnet, K. (2011a). Drug-related death in Denmark in 2007. *Dan Med Bull,*Vol.58,

Hansen, A.C.; Teige, B. & Rollmann, D. (2011b). Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007. *Forensic Sci Int,*Vol.207, No.1-3, (Apr 15), pp. 170-176,

association with relapse and clinical implications. *Drug Alcohol Rev,*Vol.26, No.1,

opioid agonists by naltrindole and its benzofuran analog (NTB) in mice: evidence for delta opioid receptor subtypes. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental* 

selective delta 1 opioid receptor antagonist in the mouse spinal cord. *Life Sci,*Vol.52,

M. (2001). Local 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of rat amygdala: release of punished drinking, unaffected plus-maze behavior and ethanol consumption. *Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of* 

dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study. *J* 

opioid systems modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. *Proc Natl Acad Sci* 

Effect of naltrexone on food intake, hunger, and satiety in obese men. *Physiology &* 


Ross, F.B.; Wallis, S.C. & Smith, M.T. (2000). Co-administration of sub-antinociceptive doses of

Sardinian Alcohol-Preferring Rats. *Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol., (Feb 23) Sabino, V.; Cottone, P.; Zhao, Y.; Iyer, M.R.; Steardo, L., Jr.; Steardo, L.; Rice, K.C.; Conti, B.;

Sabino, V.; Cottone, P.; Zhao, Y.; Steardo, L.; Koob, G.F. & Zorrilla, E.P. (2009b). Selective

behavioral models in rodents. *J Pharmacol Sci,*Vol.95, No.3, (Jul), pp. 374-380 Saitoh, A.; Sugiyama, A.; Nemoto, T.; Fujii, H.; Wada, K.; Oka, J.; Nagase, H. & Yamada, M.

Saitoh, A.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Onodera, K. & Kamei, J. (2005). Role of delta-opioid receptor

Sakoori, K. & Murphy, N.P. (2008). Endogenous nociceptin (orphanin FQ) suppresses basal

Saland, L.C.; Abeyta, A.; Frausto, S.; Raymond-Stintz, M.; Hastings, C.M.; Carta, M.;

Saland, L.C.; Hastings, C.M.; Abeyta, A. & Chavez, J.B. (2005). Chronic ethanol modulates

Sandi, C.; Borrell, J. & Guaza, C. (1988). Involvement of kappa type opioids on ethanol

Sandi, C.; Borrell, J. & Guaza, C. (1990). Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist MR-2266-BS on the acquisition of ethanol preference. *Life Sci,*Vol.46, No.16, 1119-1129 Sante, A.B.; Nobre, M.J. & Brandao, M.L. (2000). Place aversion induced by blockade of mu

*Behavioural pharmacology,*Vol.11, No.7-8, (Nov), pp. 583-589, ISSN 0955-8810 Scherrer, G.; Befort, K.; Contet, C.; Becker, J.; Matifas, A. & Kieffer, B.L. (2004). The delta

*brain research,*Vol.223, No.2, (Oct 1), pp. 271-279, ISSN 1872-7549

*Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.182, No.3, (Nov), pp. 327-334

*Clin Exp Res,*Vol.28, No.1, (Jan), pp. 98-104

drinking. *Life Sci,*Vol.42, No.10, 1067-1075

891

10-17), pp. 163-168

2248, ISSN 0953-816X

*Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.34, No.6, (May), pp. 1482-1493

oxycodone and morphine produces marked antinociceptive synergy with reduced CNS side-effects in rats. *Pain,*Vol.84, No.2-3, (Feb), pp. 421-428, ISSN 0304-3959 Sabino, V.; Cottone, P.; Blasio, A.; Iyer, M.R.; Steardo, L.; Rice, K.C.; Conti, B.; Koob, G.F. &

Zorrilla, E.P. (2011). Activation of sigma-Receptors Induces Binge-like Drinking in

Koob, G.F. & Zorrilla, E.P. (2009a). The sigma-receptor antagonist BD-1063 decreases ethanol intake and reinforcement in animal models of excessive drinking.

reduction of alcohol drinking in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats by a sigma-1 receptor antagonist. *Psychopharmacology (Berl),*Vol.205, No.2, (Aug), pp. 327-335 Saitoh, A.; Kimura, Y.; Suzuki, T.; Kawai, K.; Nagase, H. & Kamei, J. (2004). Potential anxiolytic

and antidepressant-like activities of SNC80, a selective delta-opioid agonist, in

(2011). The novel delta opioid receptor agonist KNT-127 produces antidepressantlike and antinociceptive effects in mice without producing convulsions. *Behavioural* 

subtypes in anxiety-related behaviors in the elevated plus-maze in rats.

hedonic state and acute reward responses to methamphetamine and ethanol, but facilitates chronic responses. *Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.33, No.4, (Mar), pp. 877-

Valenzuela, C.F. & Savage, D.D. (2004). Chronic ethanol consumption reduces delta-and mu-opioid receptor-stimulated G-protein coupling in rat brain. *Alcohol* 

delta and mu-opioid receptor expression in rat CNS: immunohistochemical analysis with quantitiative confocal microscopy. *Neurosci Lett,*Vol.381, No.1-2, (Jun

or activation of kappa opioid receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter.

agonists DPDPE and deltorphin II recruit predominantly mu receptors to produce thermal analgesia: a parallel study of mu, delta and combinatorial opioid receptor knockout mice. *The European journal of neuroscience,*Vol.19, No.8, (Apr), pp. 2239-


The Role of Delta Opioid Receptors in Ethanol Consumption

No.4, (Jul-Aug), pp. 303-317,

No.3, (Feb), pp. 643-652

402, ISSN 0031-6997

(May 25), pp. 1438-1442

0145-6008

5177

(Sep), pp. 1262-1271

ISSN 0014-2999

880

and Seeking: Implications for New Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders 239

Vaupel, D.B. (1983). Naltrexone fails to antagonize the sigma effects of PCP and SKF 10,047

Vetulani, J. (2001). Drug addiction. Part II. Neurobiology of addiction. *Pol J Pharmacol,*Vol.53,

Volpicelli, J.R.; Alterman, A.I.; Hayashida, M. & O'Brien, C.P. (1992). Naltrexone in the

Walker, B.M. & Koob, G.F. (2008). Pharmacological evidence for a motivational role of

Walker, B.M.; Zorrilla, E.P. & Koob, G.F. (2011). Systemic kappa-opioid receptor antagonism

Walker, J.M.; Bowen, W.D.; Walker, F.O.; Matsumoto, R.R.; De Costa, B. & Rice, K.C. (1990).

Wells, J.L.; Bartlett, J.L.; Ananthan, S. & Bilsky, E.J. (2001). In vivo pharmacological

Whitworth, A.B.; Fischer, F.; Lesch, O.M.; Nimmerrichter, A.; Oberbauer, H.; Platz, T.;

Widdowson, P.S. & Holman, R.B. (1992). Ethanol-induced increase in endogenous dopamine release may involve endogenous opiates. *J Neurochem,*Vol.59, No.1, (Jul), pp. 157-163 Williams, K.L. & Woods, J.H. (1998). Oral ethanol-reinforced responding in rhesus monkeys:

Williams, K.L.; Kane, E.C. & Woods, J.H. (2001). Interaction of morphine and naltrexone on

Winkler, A.; Buzas, B.; Siems, W.E.; Heder, G. & Cox, B.M. (1998). Effect of ethanol drinking

Wise, R.A. (1973). Voluntary ethanol intake in rats following exposure to ethanol on various

Wong, K.J.; Wojnicki, F.H. & Corwin, R.L. (2009). Baclofen, raclopride, and naltrexone

Yan, L.D.; Gong, Z.H.; Yao, X.J. & Qin, B.Y. (2003). [Comparison of the antagonistic effects of

Yeomans, M.R. & Gray, R.W. (1996). Selective effects of naltrexone on food pleasantness and intake. *Physiology & behavior,*Vol.60, No.2, (Aug), pp. 439-446, ISSN 0031-9384

oral ethanol self-administration in rhesus monkeys. *Behavioural* 

schedules. *Psychopharmacologia,*Vol.29, No.3, 203-210

*Bao,*Vol.38, No.8, (Aug), pp. 578-581, ISSN 0513-4870

administration in rats. *Addict Biol,*Vol.16, No.1, (Jan), pp. 116-119,

dependence. *J Pharmacol Exp Ther,*Vol.297, No.2, (May), pp. 597-605

in the dog. *European journal of pharmacology,*Vol.92, No.3-4, (Sep 2), pp. 269-274,

treatment of alcohol dependence. *Arch Gen Psychiatry,*Vol.49, No.11, (Nov), pp. 876-

kappa-opioid systems in ethanol dependence. *Neuropsychopharmacology,*Vol.33,

by nor-binaltorphimine reduces dependence-induced excessive alcohol self-

Sigma receptors: biology and function. *Pharmacol Rev,*Vol.42, No.4, (Dec), pp. 355-

characterization of SoRI 9409, a nonpeptidic opioid mu-agonist/delta-antagonist that produces limited antinociceptive tolerance and attenuates morphine physical

Potgieter, A.; Walter, H. & Fleischhacker, W.W. (1996). Comparison of acamprosate and placebo in long-term treatment of alcohol dependence. *Lancet,*Vol.347, No.9013,

effects of opioid antagonists selective for the mu-, kappa-, or delta-receptor. *Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research,*Vol.22, No.8, (Nov), pp. 1634-1639, ISSN

on the gene expression of opioid receptors, enkephalinase, and angiotensinconverting enzyme in two inbred mice strains. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.22, No.6,

differentially affect intake of fat/sucrose mixtures under limited access conditions. *Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior,*Vol.92, No.3, (May), pp. 528-536, ISSN 1873-

6 beta-naltrexol and naltrexone against morphine analgesia]. *Yao Xue Xue* 


Sternbach, H.A.; Annitto, W.; Pottash, A.L. & Gold, M.S. (1982). Anorexic effects of naltrexone in man. *Lancet,*Vol.1, No.8268, (Feb 13), pp. 388-389, ISSN 0140-6736 Stromberg, M.F.; Casale, M.; Volpicelli, L.; Volpicelli, J.R. & O'Brien, C.P. (1998a). A

Stromberg, M.F.; Sengpiel, T.; Mackler, S.A.; Volpicelli, J.R.; O'Brien, C.P. & Vogel, W.H.

Stromberg, M.F.; Volpicelli, J.R. & O'Brien, C.P. (1998b). Effects of naltrexone administered

procedure in the rat. *Alcohol Clin Exp Res,*Vol.22, No.9, (Dec), pp. 2186-2191 Suzuki, T.; Tsuji, M.; Mori, T.; Misawa, M.; Endoh, T. & Nagase, H. (1995). Effects of a highly

antinociception in mice. *Life sciences,*Vol.57, No.2, 155-168, ISSN 0024-3205 Takemori, A.E. & Portoghese, P.S. (1984). Comparative antagonism by naltrexone and

Tatsuo, M.A.; Salgado, J.V.; Yokoro, C.M.; Duarte, I.D. & Francischi, J.N. (1999). Midazolam-

Tiwari, A.K.; Souza, R.P. & Muller, D.J. (2009). Pharmacogenetics of anxiolytic drugs. *J* 

Tormoehlen, L.M.; Mowry, J.B.; Bodle, J.D. & Rusyniak, D.E. (2011). Increased adolescent

Tseng, L.F.; Narita, M.; Mizoguchi, H.; Kawai, K.; Mizusuna, A.; Kamei, J.; Suzuki, T. &

Turchan, J.; Przewlocka, B.; Toth, G.; Lason, W.; Borsodi, A. & Przewlocki, R. (1999). The

van Rijn, R.M. & Whistler, J.L. (2009). The delta(1) opioid receptor is a heterodimer that

van Rijn, R.M.; Brissett, D.I. & Whistler, J.L. (2010). Dual efficacy of delta opioid receptor-

*Neural Transm,*Vol.116, No.6, (Jun), pp. 667-677, ISSN 1435-1463

and cocaine in the rat. *Alcohol,*Vol.28, No.3, (Nov), pp. 169-179,

No.1-2, (Sep 3), pp. 101-104, ISSN 0014-2999

449-453, ISSN 0022-3565

1556-9519

ISSN 0022-3565

*Neuroscience,*Vol.91, No.3, 971-977

No.8, (Oct 15), pp. 777-784

No.1, (Oct), pp. 133-139

pp. 281-289

comparison of the effects of the opioid antagonists naltrexone, naltrindole, and beta-funaltrexamine on ethanol consumption in the rat. *Alcohol,*Vol.15, No.4, (May),

(2002). Effect of naltrexone on oral consumption of concurrently available ethanol

repeatedly across 30 or 60 days on ethanol consumption using a limited access

selective nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist, TAN-67, on morphine-induced

naloxone of mu, kappa, and delta agonists. *European journal of pharmacology,*Vol.104,

induced hyperalgesia in rats: modulation via GABA(A) receptors at supraspinal level. *European journal of pharmacology,*Vol.370, No.1, (Apr 1), pp. 9-15, ISSN 0014-2999 Tiseo, P.J.; Geller, E.B. & Adler, M.W. (1988). Antinociceptive action of

intracerebroventricularly administered dynorphin and other opioid peptides in the rat. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics,*Vol.246, No.2, (Aug), pp.

opioid use and complications reported to a poison control center following the 2000 JCAHO pain initiative. *Clin Toxicol (Phila),*Vol.49, No.6, (Jul), pp. 492-498, ISSN

Nagase, H. (1997). Delta-1 opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive properties of a nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist, (-)TAN-67, in the mouse spinal cord. *The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics,*Vol.280, No.2, (Feb), pp. 600-605,

effect of repeated administration of morphine, cocaine and ethanol on mu and delta opioid receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of the rat.

opposes the actions of the delta(2) receptor on alcohol intake. *Biol Psychiatry,*Vol.66,

selective ligands for ethanol drinking and anxiety. *J Pharmacol Exp Ther,*Vol.335,


**11** 

 *France* 

**Normal and Physio-Pathological Striatal** 

Christine Dentresangle2, Wadad Hassoun2 and Kwamivi Dzahini3

The neurotransmitter Dopamine (DA) exerts a dual function in the striatum (STR), the latter comprising the caudate and putamen nuclei, the main structures in the central nervous system from which it is released. During the last 50 years, numerous studies have highlighted the role of DA in sensory/motor loops. Along with a phasic function exerted in synaptic or close apposition structures, a modulatory role for extracellular DA has also been demonstrated based on the slow and tonic extracellular diffusion of the amine. This duality is probably supported by a metabolic polymorphism, particularly of the release mechanism. The present chapter focuses on works carried out *in vivo* over the last two decades on the control of DA homeostasis in the STR during normal and pathological conditions. It is now generally accepted that the level of extracellular DA is not simply the consequence of dribbling from the synapse after phasic (firing-dependent) overflow but is maintained

The duality of DA release *in vivo* will first be described. An example of an experimental situation allowing this situation to be characterized will be given, followed by a brief

The tonic regulatory process remains incompletely understood and still requires thorough analysis. In recent years, *in vivo* and *in vitro* studies have led to the development of theoretical models based on the concept of the reversion of the well-known uptake mechanism involving the DA transporter protein (DAT). In particular conditions, DAT could be involved in the control of the extracellular DA concentration through its ability to perform what is called reverse DA transport (DA-RT). Psychotropes from the amphetamine family are known to induce the release of DA through this mechanism, but the physiological

A large number of regulatory processes have been described concerning tonic DA release. Only two aspects of these regulatory processes will be considered here. Specific experiments devoted to showing the role of DA synthesis and extracellular calcium ions will be described

through tonic, largely non–synaptic, regulatory processes.

involvement of DA-RT has rarely been adressed.

overview of the relevant literature from the last three decades.

**1. Introduction** 

and discussed.

**Dopamine Homeostasis** 

*1CNRS, IAF, 91198 Gif sur Yvette,* 

*2CNRS, UMR 5542, Lyon 3INSERM, U846, SBRI, Bron,* 

Vincent Leviel1,2,3, Alain Gobert1, Valérie Olivier1,

