**1.1.2.1 Female cultivars**

#### a. Abbot

306 Gamma Radiation

The species of *Actinidia deliciosa* (A. Chev.) several delicious varieties are known to be preferred by the consumer and therefore more widespread the variety 'Hayward' (Figure 2)

Also like all other fruits the kiwifruit has many cultivars, which differ in pollinator (male) and producing (female) and the adaptation to the environmental conditions; harvest time; chances of post-harvest conservation; productivity; format; size; taste;, resistance to pests

Oliveira (2011) shows which varieties are part of the division between male and female

fruit with better taste and aroma (flavor) and a greater capacity for storage.

Fig. 1. Kiwifruit tutored system plantation (SEMAPI, 2011)

Fig. 2. Kiwifruit varieties (CEAGESP, 2011)

and diseases; among others (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).

**1.1.2 Kiwifruit cultivars** 

cultivars:

It is a vigorous plant; very productive; early flowering; with flowers grouped about two or three. The flowers are creamy white and the petals have rounded elliptical, with the edges slightly wrinkled. The leaves are usually short and round with pointed apex (ALMEIDA, 1996).

The fruit has an oblong shape; weighing 65 to 70 grams; with a period of maturation medium; good storage under refrigeration and successfully supporting the handling and transport. The pulp is bright green color; fragrant; mildly acidic; considered as has a good quality and very popular in New Zealand for family consumption. It features low demand hours in the cold and high bud fertility and therefore a high productive power can be 400 kilograms of fruit per foot (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).

b. Bruno

It is a vigorous and productive plant. Have solitary flowers (rarely combined) with creamwhite elliptical petals; more or less rounded and flat. The leaves have circular shape with the bottom rope. The fruits are medium in size - 60 to 70 grams - very uniform; cylindrical in shape and elongated; bark brown and covered with dense fell, short and spiky (Almeida, 1996).

The pulp is sweet and a little tart, very goodly, with the highest concentration of vitamin C than other varieties. The maturity is very early with the possible preservation in a refrigerator however had a reduced resistant to handling and transportation. In southern Brazil, the harvest usually occurs in April opening. It is not very demanding in cold times requiring a half hours of cold necessary to cultivate Hayward. In the conditions of the Brazil Southern the Bruno cultivar has shown the best yield among the varieties grown kiwifruit tree (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).

c. Hayward

Presents late-flowering with slightly lower productivity for other varieties of flowering coincide. Its flowers are solitary and rarely in pairs. It is very sensitive to chlorosis; drought and nematodes. Has multiplication by cutting easier than the others (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).

It is a plant with medium vigor. It has the harvest beginning around the first half of November. At harvest the fruit must reach a level of maturity as measured by the method of soluble solids of at least 6.2 percent. The fruits are heavy (90 to 150g); oval with the elliptical cross section; with brown bark greenish; covered with fine fells (Almeida, 1996).

The leaves are rounded and the base strings with overlapping. The pulp is green with hints of straw-colored; moderately juicy; slightly tart and mildly fragrant and aromatic with good taste qualities (Almeida, 1996). According to Souza, Marodin and Barradas (1996), the perfect balance between acids and sugars that make the variety is preferred by markets around the world.

Have good resistance to transportation; handling and excellent cold storage. Although not determined it is estimated that this growing need 700 to 1,000 hours of temperatures below 7.2°C during winter (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).

The Effects of Gamma Radiation in Nectar of Kiwifruit (*Actinidia deliciosa*) 309

The kiwi fruit presents a high nutritional value, rich mainly in vitamin C and fibers, calcium, iron and phosphorus, which turns it an excellent nutritional option, with an important association between quality attributes and flavor, with great acceptance in consuming markets, mainly among children. Kiwi contains an enzyme actinine with meat softening properties by the reason it can be used to soften the meat before cooking and reduce the cooking time and addition flavor with the fruit pulp. Furthermore the actinidina prevents the coagulation of gelatin and is responsible for the bitter taste that dairy products are

One of the fibers is found in kiwi fruit pectin that helps lower blood cholesterol levels. Other bioactive compounds found in kiwifruit are phenolic flavonoids, amino acids such as arginine and glutamate and chlorophyll. All compounds of the kiwi provide a potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory that helps in increasing the immunity of individuals who

**Top world producers and exporters of kiwi (2007) 1/** 

**Kiwi production**

Spain Turkey

Poland Iran, Islamic Republic of United States of America

France Netherlands Greece Belgium Chile Italy New Zealand

Japan Greece France Chile New Zealand Italy

United States of America Iran, Islamic Republic of

0 100 200 300 400

**1,000 metric tons**

**Kiwi exports**

0 100 200 300 400

**Million US\$**

**Kiwi: U.S. import-eligible countries; world production and exports** 

**States** 

entries in that series.

2010. See Documentation for more information.

World Bank.

**Total production, exports and export value (2007) for countries eligible to ship kiwi to the United** 

**Country 1/ Production Total exports Export value** *1,000 metric tons 1,000 US\$*  Argentina nd 0,41 213,00 **Australia** 5,35 0,50 842,00 **Canada** 0,08 0,07 125,00 Chile 170,00 160,19 143.053,00 **France** 70,16 26,84 50.776,00 **Greece** 70,10 36,79 34.356,00 **Italy** 417,00 333,97 389.450,00 **Japan** 32,80 0,01 37,00 **Korea, Republic of** 10,50 0.00 0.00 **New Zealand** 365,00 347,92 573.490,00 **Spain** 13,00 9,71 13.753,00 **Percent eligible** 94,87 82,02 77,30 **World median** 11,40 0,01 8,00 **World average** 56,38 11,54 16.000,94

Note: nd = no data; Percent eligible = Percentage of total world production, export, or export value for this commodity for countries eligible to export this commodity to the United States according to fruit and vegetable import regulations from USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Median = Median global production quantity, export quantity, or value. Median is the value for which half of all values in a series are greater and half are smaller. Average = Average global production quantity, export quantity, or value. Average is the sum of all numbers in a series divided by the total number of

1/ Countries eligible to export this commodity to the United States according to APHIS regulations as of June 2010. See Documentation for more information. Countries in bold are high-income nations, all others are middle- and low-income nations according to the 2010 country classification developed by

\* Only certain region(s) within this country is (are) eligible to export this commodity to the United States or is (are) regulated differently than the rest of the country according to APHIS regulation as of June

Fig. 3. Kiwi world production and exports (USDA, 2011)

consumed when presented with kiwi fruit. (Carvalho, 2000).

have the habit on the frequency of fruit intake.

This cultivar is now widely cultivated in the world due to its excellent features and the fact that the packaging and the alveoli are thought to their fruits.

d. Monty

It is a very vigorous plant and induces major productions. The flowers are cream-white with variable petals form and grouped into two or three branches. The leaves are usually roundbased trunk (Almeida, 1996).

The fruits are elliptical medium size and uneven with average weight of 65g but in some places is around 40g. Maturation takes place in mid-season and the fruits are difficult to preserve. They are little resistant to transport and handling. Its flesh is bright green, sweettart and fragrant (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).

#### **1.1.2.2 Male cultivars**

a. Matua

It is an early flowering cultivar by abundant; prolific and persistent form for a long time. Its flowers are grouped in variable number from 1 to 5. In some situations presents an early flowering in relation to 'Hayward'. Features of a high-pollen than the 'Tomur' variety (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).

b. Tomur

It is a plant variety which starts blooming in mid-season and lasts a long time. The flowers are grouped in varying levels from 1 to 7 usually 5. It blooms a little later than 'Matua' and seems especially suited to pollinate 'Hayward'. Its pollen has a low germination (Souza; Marodin; Barradas, 1996).
