**5. Acknowledgements**

108 Gamma Radiation

In the case of fiber-reinforced PCs, the compressive strain values increase notably for specimens with two mineral aggregates rather than just one (Figure 9). Something notable is that when comparing these compressive strain values to the standard value reported in the literature for PC (0.01 mm/mm) [Martínez-Barrera et al., 2009b]: a) for PC with SiO2 there is 60 % improvement; b) for PC with M+CB up to 180 %, and c) for PC with CaCO3 and SiO2 up to 390 %. So, it is worth point out that the combination of two minerals, one fiber, and

> SiO2 SiO2 M+CB+0.3%N M+CB+0.4%N SiO2 SiO2 0.3%PP 0.4%PP CaCO3 CaCO3 0.3%P 0.4%P

Fig. 9. Compressive strain at yield point of fiber-reinforced polymer concrete compounded

A third mechanical feature studied was the Young's modulus. Excepting only PC with M+CB, the values are higher than the standard value for polyester-based PCs, namely 6.7 GPa (see Figure 10) [Tavares et al., 2002]. Moreover, the improvement above that standard is notable: a) 139 % for PC with SiO2, b) 122 % for PC with CaCO3, and c) 108 % for PC with CaCO3+SiO2. Generally the higher the gamma irradiation the higher the Young's modulus

> Dose (kGy) 0 50 150

M+CB M Si02+CaCO3 CaCO3 Si02 Resin

Fig. 10. Young's Modulus of polymer concrete elaborated with different mineral aggregates

specific gamma radiation dose allows higher values of compressive strain.

Dose (kGy) 0 50 150

0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050

with different mineral aggregates.

and the harder the PC becomes.

Young Modulus / (GPa)

Compressive Strain at Yield Point / (mm/mm)

To Autonomous University of the State of Mexico by grant # UAEM 3053/2011SF. Mr. Miguel Martínez López and Ms. Elisa Martínez Cruz graduated students at the Materials Science Program (Autonomous University of the State of Mexico) have participated in the experiments.

Gamma Radiation as a Novel Technology for Development of New Generation Concrete 111

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**7** 

*1Sudan 2,3Malaysia* 

**Synthesis of Polyaniline HCl Pallets and Films** 

**Nanocomposites by Radiation Polymerization** 

*3Nuclear Agency Malaysia (NAM), Bangi, Selangor,* 

M. A. Ali Omer1, 2\*, E. Saion2, M. E. M. Gar Elnabi1 and Kh. Mohd. Dahlan3 *1Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Medical Radiologic Science, 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor,* 

The sources of radiation are so varies, some of them are natural and others are man-made. Also the types of radiation can be categorized according to their wave length or energy or

Non-ionizing radiation is electromagnetic radiation that does not have sufficient energy to remove the electrons from the outer shell of the atom. Types of non-ionizing radiation are: ultra violet (U/V), Visible light, infrared (IR), microwave (radio and television), and extremely low frequency (ELF, or as they called EMF or ELF-EMF). Non-ionizing radiations produced by a wide variety of sources at homes and in the workplaces, form lasers to power lines, tanning

Ionizing Radiation: refer to the types of radiation that has capability to ionize the media

i. Cosmic radiation: represent the radiation comes from outside our solar system as positively charged ions (protons, irons, nuclei, helium…) which are interact with atmospheric layer (air) around the ground to produce secondary radiation as (X-ray,

ii. External terrestrial sources: these represent the radioactive materials, which are found naturally in the earth crust, rocks, water, air and vegetation. The major radio-nuclides

The main sources of manmade radiation that expose the public are from (Medical Procedures, as in diagnostic X-ray, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and sterilization).

found in the earth crust are (Potassium-40, Uranium-235, and Thorium-210).

beds to household appliances, cellular phones to home radios (Smith F. A. 2000).

Muons, Protons, Alpha particles, Pions, Electrons and Neutrons).

**1. Introduction** 

**2. Natural sources** 

**3. Artificial sources** 

even to the ability of ionizing the media.

directly or indirectly such as X-ray, γ-ray and neutron.

The natural sources represented in the following:

