**11. References**

Auberg B., Hungate, F. P. (eds.). 1967. *Radioecological Concentration Processes*. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1040 pp.

Klein, R. M., and Klein, D. T. 1971. Post-irradiation modulation of ionizing radiation damage

Knipling, E. F. 1965. The sterility method of pest population control. In: *Research in Pesticides*

Knipling, E. F. 1967. Sterile technique, principles involved, current application,

Koernicke, M. 1905. Uber die Wirkung von Rontgen- und Radiumstrahlen auf pflanzliche

Lawson, F. R. 1967. Theory of control of insect population by sexually sterile males. Ann.

McCormick, F. J. 1969. Effects of ionizing radiation on a pine forest. In: *2nd Nat. Sym.* 

McCormick, F. J., and Platt, R. B. 1962. Effects of ionizing radiation on a natural plant

McCormick, F. J., and Golley, F. B. 1966. Irradiation of natural vegetation-an experimental

Monk, C. D. 1966. Effects of short-term gamma irradiation on an old field. Rad. Bot., 6:329-

Nuttall, V. W.; Lyall, L. H.; and McQueen, K. F. 1961. Some effects of gamma radiation on

Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. Pp.

Odum, E. P. and Golley, F. B. 1963. Radioactive tracers as an aid to the measurement of

Klement, eds.). Reinhold Publishing Company, New York. Pp. 403-410. Odum, E. P., and Kuenzler, E. J. 1963. Experimental isolation of food chains in an old field

Klement, eds.). Reinhold Publishing Company, New York. pp. 113-120. Odum, H. T., and Pigeon, R.F. (eds.). 1970. A tropical rainforest. A study of irradiation and

Odum, H. T., and Pigeon, R.F. 1965. Ionizing radiation and homeostasis of ecosystems. In:

Ophel, I. L. 1963. The fate of radiostrontium in a freshwater community. In: *Radioecology* (V.

Platt, R. B. 1965. Ionizing Radiation and homeostasis of ecosystems. In: *Ecological Effects of Nuclear War* (Woodwell, ed.) Brookhaven National Library, Publ. No. 917:39-60. Polikarpou, G. C. 1966. Radioecology of aquatic organisms. (Translated from Russian by S.

energy flow at the population level in nature. In: *Radio ecology* (V. Shultz and A.W.

ecosystem with use of phosphorus-32. In: *Radio ecology* (V. Shultz and A.W.

ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Nat. Tech. Info, Service, Springfield, VA. 1678 pp.

*Ecological Effects of Nuclear War* (Woodwell, ed.). Brookhaven National Laboratories,

Scultz and W. Klement, eds.), Reinhold Publishing Company, New York. Pp. 213-

facility, procedures and dosimetry. Health Physics, 12:1467-1474.

stored onions. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 41:805-813.

limitationsand future applications. In: *Genetics of Insect Vectors of Disease* (Wright

*Radioecology* (D. Nelson and F. Evans, eds.). Clearinghouse Fed. Sci. Tech. Info., U.

Knipling, E. F. 1960. The eradication of the screwworm fly. Scient. Amer., 203(4):54-61.

(G. O. Chichester, ed.). Academic Press, New York. Pp. 233-249.

and Pal, eds.). Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam. Pp. 587-616.

to plants. Botanical Review 34(4):397-436.

Knipling, E. F. 1963. The sterility principle. Agr. Sci. Rev., 1(1):2.

Gewebe und Zellen. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 23:404-415.

S. Dept. Commerce, Springfield, VA. Pp. 78-87.

Entomol. Soc. Amer., 60:713-722.

community. Rad. Bot., 2:161-204.

335.

451-467.

216.

Publ. No. 917. Pp. 39-60.

Technica and edited by Schultz and Klement).


Auerbach, S. I., and Crossley, D. A. 1958. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 uptake under natural conditions. Proc. Int. Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, Geneva Paper No. 401. Ball, R. C., and Hooper, F. F. 1963. Translocation of phosphorus in a trout stream ecosystem.

Baumhover, A. H., Graham A. J., Hopkins, D. E., Dudley, F. H., New, W. D., and Bushland,

Bryant, F. J., Chamberlain, A. C., Morgan, A., and Spicer, C. S. 1957. Radiostrontium in soil,

Bushland, R. C. 1960. Male sterilization for the control of insects. In.: *Advances in Pest Control Research* (R. L. Metcalf, ed.), Vol. III. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. de la Cruz, A. A., and Wiegert, R. G. 1967. 32-Phosphorus tracer studies of a horse weed

Cutcomp, L. K. 1967. Progress in insect control by irradiation induced sterility. Pans, 13:61-

Davis, J. J., and Foster, R. F. 1958. Bioaccumulation of radioisotopes through aquatic food

Donnelly, E. H., Nemhauser, J. B., Smith, J. M., Kazzi, Z. N. Farfan, E. B., Chang, A. S., and

Foster, R. F. 1958. Radioactive tracing of the movement of an essential element through an

Foster, R. F., Davis, J. J. 1956. The accumulation of radioactive substances in aquatic forms.

Foster, R. F., and Rostenbach, R. E. 1954. Distribution of radioisotopes in the Columbian

French, N. R. 1965. Radiation and animal population: problems, progress and projections.

Glasstone, S. 1957. *The Effects of Nuclear weapons*. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,

Golley, F. B., Gentry, J. B., Menhinick, E., and Carmon, J. L. 1965. Response of wild rodents

Goodspeed, T. H., and Uber, F. M. 1939. Radiation and plant cytogenetics. Botanical Review

Hanson, W. C. and Kornberg, H. A. 1956. Radioactivity in terrestrial animals near an atomic energy site. Proc. Int. Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, Geneva 13:385-388. Heeney, H. B., and Rutherford, W. M. 1964. Some effects of gamma radiation on the storage life of fresh strawberries. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 44:188-194. Hungate, R. E. 1966. The Rumen and Its Microbes. Academic Press, New York. 533 pp.

Gager, C. S. 1908. Effects of the rays of radium on plants. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4:1-278. Gambino, J. J., and Lindberg, R. G. 1964. Response of the pocket mouse to ionizing radiation.

Proc. Int. Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, Geneva, 13:364-367.

Naeem, S. F. 2010. Acute radiation syndrome: assessment and management.

aquatic community with specific reference to radiophosphorus. Publ. della Stazione

grass, milk and bone in U.K.; 1956 results. J. Nuc. En., 6:22-40.

aphid-ant food chain. Amer. Midl. Nat., 77:501-509.

Company, New York. pp. 217-228.

chains. Ecology, 39:530-535.

Health Physics, 11:1557-1568.

Read. Res., 22:586-597.

Washington, D. C.

5(1):1-48.

Zool. di Napoli.

Southern Medical Journal. 103(6):541-546.

River. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc., 46:663-640.

to acute gamma radiation. Rad. Res., 24:350-356.

Gager, C. S. 1907. Some effects of radioactivity on plants. Science 25:264.

48:462-466.

70.

In: *Radioecology* (V. Schultz and A. W. Klement, eds.). Reinhold Publishing

R. C. 1955. Screw-worm control through release of sterilized flies. J. Econ. Entomol.,


**4** 

*Japan* 

**Environmental Gamma-Ray** 

Hidenori Kumagai, Ryoichi Iwase, Masataka Kinoshita, Hideaki Machiyama, Mutsuo Hattori and Masaharu Okano

Deep-Sea *in-situ* radioactivity measurements were initiated in 1964 for investigation of sunken USN atomic power submarine Thresher by using Geiger counters (Wakelin, 1964). Since then, *in-situ* radioactivity monitoring utilizing a towed-fish and/or remote sea bottom stations has been carried out in various countries. But they are mainly used for surveys of artificial radio activities to evaluate potential risks around atomic power plants, radioactive waste disposal sites and sunken nuclear objects etc. (Jones et al., 1988). Thus, underwater gamma ray measurement has been rather limitedly performed compared to the sub aerial ones, which has been widely utilized for explorations of uranium or other valuable minerals for mining or much wider environmental analysis (Bristow, 1983), due to very effective shielding by seawater. In underwater environment, Yoshida and Tsukahara (1987) reported environmental gamma ray characteristics around an active cold seepage associating with an active fault in Sagami Bay, southern coast of mainland Japan. Besides that, deep-sea gamma ray surveys for scientific use are intensively carried out by ODP-IODP logging for

This chapter intends to demonstrate some usage of environmental gamma-ray measurement, through the studies in the deep sea environment, e.g. deep sea hydrothermal vent, cold seeps, active faults. Further, this chapter also tries to document relationship with tectonic settings and geological events. For this purpose, the specification and assemblage of the gamma ray sensor systems of JAMSTEC are introduced firstly. Next, an examples of the field measurement will be shown as a temporal variation that reflecting the uniqueness of deep sea. Although the sensitivities of the current model of sensor are significantly reduced by the thick Al or Ti pressure hull to endure high pressure in deep sea, the collected gamma ray spectra and distributions of intensities indicated some linkages with tectonic settings to

The apparatus collected to the world-wide gamma ray spectra in the deep sea environment, through hundreds dives of manned submersibles Shinkai6500/2000 and Remotely Operated

**1. Introduction** 

determination of rock types.

date.

**2. Instrumental** 

*JAMSTEC (Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology)* 

**Observation in Deep Sea** 

