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**5**

*Croatia*

**Sperm Cell in ART**

*2University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka*

Dejan Ljiljak1, Tamara Tramišak Milaković2, Neda Smiljan Severinski2,

Infertility today represents a global problem. Male factor contributes in approximately 50% of infertile couples. In the last decade we are witnesses of the decreased quality of semen and the increased frequency of testicular cancer and cryptorchidism. Currently, the assessment of semen quality is based on the routine semen analysis including sperm count, morphology and motility. Although variation and combination among these three main factors articulate few diagnosis, nowadays developed assisted reproduction techniques (ART), especially intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) may be used to treat most of the male infertility problems. In general we can say that traditional semen parameters provide a limited degree of diagnostic information, thus we are aware that these indexes of diagnosis should be revisited, which includes more specific test of sperm assessments, such as DNA

Spermatogenesis is a process that includes physiological, morphological and biochemical changes. After a complex process from the round diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa, a mature sperm just has an ability to fertilize a mature oocyte. If any errors occur during spermatogenesis process, appropriate sperm will not be produced. Thus, in our ART practice, it is important to understand normal physiology of spermatogenesis and find the

The sperm cell is composed of a sperm head, a sperm neck and a sperm tail. Whole sperm is covered by the sperm plasma membrane called plasmalemma (Picture 1.). The sperm head

reason of abnormal situation. In this chapter we will review today knowledge about:






**1. Introduction**

tests and sperm proteome.


**2. Spermatogenesis**


Krunoslav Kuna1 and Anđelka Radojčić Badovinac<sup>2</sup> *1University Hospital Center "Sisters of Mercy", Zagreb*
