**1.2 Who work in this area**

National metrology institutes (NMI) are on the first line in development of new areas of metrology. The efforts of NMIs are organized in international scale by Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM, www.bipm.org). In 2000, BIPM arranged the first international meeting for the purpose of development of metrology in biology, which then led to creation of Bioanalysis Working Group (BAWG) as a member group of Consultative Committee on Quantity of Matter (CCQM). Since then, CCQM BAWG has been the most significant international organization to develop metrology for biology. Prominent international organizations related in biology have been working together with CCQM BAWG. World Health Organization-National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (WHO-NIBSC, www.nibsc.ac.uk) has been very active in CCQM BAWG activities. In addition, US-Pharmacopeia (www.usp.org) and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC, www.ifcc.org) have been communicating closely with CCQM BAWG. A number of international measurement comparisons were made to assess international comparability or to investigate and pinpoint existing major problems in bioanalysis. Among them, quantification of an exogenous gene of genetically modified organisms (GMO) firstly attained interests of participants as it rose as an international concern in both food trade and environmental pollution. Accurate quantification of DNA was the first technical target as it is the most fundamental element in modern biology. As a natural advancement, quantification of proteins has become a central topic. Recently, dare movements toward cells or microorganisms are happening. This is a totally new area where technical advancement is rapid, and measurement issues come urgently. For this reason, proper projection and accordingly planning on future is of high importance. Recently, BIPM has published an investigative report (Marriott et al., 2011) on the current status and future directions of metrology development for biology that is of great value to oversee this particular area.

tragedy occurred with dairy products as baby meal. As a greedy adulteration of dairy products, melamine was added to milk products to fake high protein content in nitrogen analysis. At least 50 thousand babies were harmed by the melamine in their meal. This incident was also a prominent example of public health risked by insufficient or inadequate testing for quality control of biological products. If QC of dairy products was performed by a method capable of distinguishing real proteins and a nitrogen-rich toxic chemical, such

Considering even more complicated products of modern BT, the need for rigorousness of such testing is out of question. There are and will be numerous new products from nucleic acids, proteins, and cells that are highly complex in structures and activities. Consequently, a number of novel analytical approaches are being developed to characterize and quantify such complex biological entities. However, what would be the standards for adequateness of such assessments? Proper answers to the question above should be attained before fullscale industrialization of modern biotechnology and eventually their routine commercial applications. In other areas undergoing earlier industrialization, the support of metrology was critical. The similar or even greater support of metrology is needed for industrialization of biotechnologies. In this area, inaccuracy is more critical, and uncertainty in measurement is much greater. Therefore, metrology for biology should be regarded as a critically

National metrology institutes (NMI) are on the first line in development of new areas of metrology. The efforts of NMIs are organized in international scale by Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM, www.bipm.org). In 2000, BIPM arranged the first international meeting for the purpose of development of metrology in biology, which then led to creation of Bioanalysis Working Group (BAWG) as a member group of Consultative Committee on Quantity of Matter (CCQM). Since then, CCQM BAWG has been the most significant international organization to develop metrology for biology. Prominent international organizations related in biology have been working together with CCQM BAWG. World Health Organization-National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (WHO-NIBSC, www.nibsc.ac.uk) has been very active in CCQM BAWG activities. In addition, US-Pharmacopeia (www.usp.org) and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC, www.ifcc.org) have been communicating closely with CCQM BAWG. A number of international measurement comparisons were made to assess international comparability or to investigate and pinpoint existing major problems in bioanalysis. Among them, quantification of an exogenous gene of genetically modified organisms (GMO) firstly attained interests of participants as it rose as an international concern in both food trade and environmental pollution. Accurate quantification of DNA was the first technical target as it is the most fundamental element in modern biology. As a natural advancement, quantification of proteins has become a central topic. Recently, dare movements toward cells or microorganisms are happening. This is a totally new area where technical advancement is rapid, and measurement issues come urgently. For this reason, proper projection and accordingly planning on future is of high importance. Recently, BIPM has published an investigative report (Marriott et al., 2011) on the current status and future directions of metrology development for biology that is of great value to oversee this particular area.

disaster could be easily avoided.

important area of modern metrology.

**1.2 Who work in this area** 
