**8. Conclusions**

The issues stated in this chapter and the analyses were made on the basis of materials published in an open literature, as well as the results obtained directly by the authors. The historical information about the development of techniques and methods of time measuring, description of functions and responsibilities of the services of time and description of their workflow by example of the Novosibirsk time and frequency service are given for the familiarization purpose only. This information is necessary for understanding of the most urgent issues and challenges of time, coordinate and navigational determinations, which successful solution depends largely on the time services' development level.

The simulation model of the quantum clock instability introduced in the fourth section is now used within the scope of the software and mathematical support of GLONASS. It can also be useful for verification of the adequacy of the metrological characteristics of existing and newly developed quantum frequency standards to accepted physical theories and models of their instability. The algorithms from the fifth section for codetermination of the spacecrafts' orbits parameters and ERP on the basis of ground (laser or navigation) measurements introduces the differential method for calculating of the parameters to be determined and can be used as a basis for development of the relevant software.

The sixth section represents comparative assessments of the ERP predictions made by the EOPCPPP project participants, according to which the quality of the SNIIM / SSGA predictions for the period from October 2010 to November 2011 on the majority of statistical evaluations for all ERP was preferable to all others, including the quality of the predictions provided by the USNO observatory. The good results obtained by the SNIIM/SSGA in the EOPCPPP project let us conclude that the right approach was used by the developing of the method. Particularly, the numerical analysis of ERP series of hundred years and more made by us shows that general regular compositions with specific periods of 2.4, 3.6, 4.8, 6.0 multiples of the main Chandler wobbles' period can be observed by the Earth's rotation variations and its poles wanderings. The exposed cross-correlation of the ERP series can be explained by the fact that the Earth's mass redistribution relative to its rotation axis occurs by the pole wandering. Consequently, the total moment of inertia relative to the Earth's rotation axis is changing leading to its angular velocity variations provided that the total angular momentum maintains. The discovered regularities and correlations lead us to the conclusion on the feasibility of creation of a generalized predictive model for the Earth's rotation, which combines all the Earth's angular velocity vector's components into a single consistent calculation pattern.

#### **9. References**

Bakulin, P. & Blinov N. (1977). *Exact time service.*, pp. 320. Moscow: Science.


understanding of the most urgent issues and challenges of time, coordinate and navigational determinations, which successful solution depends largely on the time

The simulation model of the quantum clock instability introduced in the fourth section is now used within the scope of the software and mathematical support of GLONASS. It can also be useful for verification of the adequacy of the metrological characteristics of existing and newly developed quantum frequency standards to accepted physical theories and models of their instability. The algorithms from the fifth section for codetermination of the spacecrafts' orbits parameters and ERP on the basis of ground (laser or navigation) measurements introduces the differential method for calculating of the parameters to be determined and can be used as a basis for development of the

The sixth section represents comparative assessments of the ERP predictions made by the EOPCPPP project participants, according to which the quality of the SNIIM / SSGA predictions for the period from October 2010 to November 2011 on the majority of statistical evaluations for all ERP was preferable to all others, including the quality of the predictions provided by the USNO observatory. The good results obtained by the SNIIM/SSGA in the EOPCPPP project let us conclude that the right approach was used by the developing of the method. Particularly, the numerical analysis of ERP series of hundred years and more made by us shows that general regular compositions with specific periods of 2.4, 3.6, 4.8, 6.0 multiples of the main Chandler wobbles' period can be observed by the Earth's rotation variations and its poles wanderings. The exposed cross-correlation of the ERP series can be explained by the fact that the Earth's mass redistribution relative to its rotation axis occurs by the pole wandering. Consequently, the total moment of inertia relative to the Earth's rotation axis is changing leading to its angular velocity variations provided that the total angular momentum maintains. The discovered regularities and correlations lead us to the conclusion on the feasibility of creation of a generalized predictive model for the Earth's rotation, which combines all the Earth's angular velocity vector's components into a single

Bakulin, P. & Blinov N. (1977). *Exact time service.*, pp. 320. Moscow: Science.

[text]/G. Duboshin. , pp. 650. Moscow: Science

Russian Academy of Sciences, p. 608-617, vol. 77.

*for optical clock — and not only.* Vol. 176, № 12.

Belotserkovskiy, D & Kaufman, M. (1972) *Assessment of the accuracy computing differences* 

Duboshin, G. (1983) *Celestial mechanics. Methods of the theory of artificial celestial bodies*

Great Russian encyclopedic dictionary. (2003). Moscow: The great Russian encyclopedia, pp.

Finkelshtein, А. (2007). The fundamental coordinate-temporary ensuring. Bulletin of the

Hall, J. (2006) *Progress of natural sciences. Defining and measuring optical frequencies: prospects* 

*field of measurements of time and frequency*//Proc. VNIIFTRI, Vol. 35

*between the world and coordinated time with predictability up to a year. Research in the* 

services' development level.

relevant software.

consistent calculation pattern.

**9. References** 

1800.


http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/ Organization/organization.html


USSR Astronomy Yearbook (AE SSSR), 1970 pp. 672, Leningrad: Publishing House "Science"
