**1. Introduction**

262 Modern Metrology Concerns

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In Handbook of Applied Photometry, Casimir DeCusatis, (133-177, 55-99) American Institute of Physics Press, ISBN 1-56396-416-3, Woodbury, NY, USA. Ohta, N. & Robertson, A.R. (2005) Colorimetry Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, The Chapter is devoted to consideration of metrological aspects of intrinsically interconnected characteristics of light fields, such as intensity, polarization and coherence. Conceptually, all these quantities are derived from the Wolf's coherency matrix [1]. However, new insight on interconnection of them is provided by the novel singular-optical approach [2, 3] predicting existence of important regularities in electromagnetic fields which were early considered as quite random ones. So, phase singularities of scalar (homogeneously polarized), polarization singularities of vector (inhomogeneously polarized) fields, as well as singularities of correlation functions of partially coherent, partially polarized fields constitute specific skeletons, i.e. "bearing" elements of a field. Knowing the loci and characteristics of such elements, one can judge on behavior of a field at its other areas, at least in qualitative manner, but quite reliably [4]. This circumstance opens quite new possibilities for metrology of optical fields and leads to prospective practical applications of new metrological techniques.

We discuss here interconnections of polarization and coherence characteristics of light fields in various manifestations of them, both as one-point and two-point functions. For that, in development of earlier approaches, we show the framework for generalization of polarization metrology on a wide class of combined optical beams assembled as mutually incoherent (or partially mutually coherent) components, which can be orthogonal in polarization. Such generalization provides taking into account partial polarization and associated vector singularities, which can be used in non-destructive optical diagnostics as well as in optical telecommunications with polarization coding.

Further, we represent point-by-point Stokes-polarimetric technique and singular-optical concept of polarization diagnostics. Feasibilities of combined application of conventional interferometry and local Stokes-polarimetry are substantiated.

Important part of this review is devoted to description of feasibilities for experimental measuring of coherence by measuring of spatial polarization distributions of

*<sup>1</sup>Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi,* 

*<sup>3</sup>Bukovonian State Medical University, Chernivtsi,* 

inhomogeneously polarized fields. We represent the newest metrological tool connected with novel concept of optical currents (optical flows). Namely, we show that some intimate characteristics of complex optical fields with arbitrary degree of spatial coherence and arbitrary degree of polarization may be "deciphered" indirectly, by observation of the influence of such fields on embedded micto- and nanoparticles. This original metrological approach seems to be prospective for development of so-called optical traps and tweezers for manipulation of isolated particles of micro- and nanoscales.

Separate section of the Chapter is devoted to application of local Stokes-polarimetry in diagnostics of biological tissues, in the context of early (pre-clinical) diagnostics of some widespread diseases. We represent both experimental and data processing techniques leading to high-sensitive and reliable diagnostics.

All considered metrological approaches and techniques are original, generated by recently by the members of our team.

Some prospects of further investigations in the direction represented in this Chapter, as well as necessity and possible ways for overcoming some present shortcomings of optical metrology in the field of coherence and polarization, are outlined in the last section.
