**Part 2**

**Recycling of Tires, Pharmaceutical Packaging and Hardwood Kraft Pulp** 

192 Material Recycling – Trends and Perspectives

K.-H. Lee, D.-H. Shin, Characteristics of liquid product from the pyrolysis of waste plastic

K.-H. Lee, Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil from pyrolysis of municipal

K.-H. Lee, Effect of zeolite type on catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis wax oil, submitted to J.

K. Smolders, J. Baeyens, Thermal degradation of PMMA in fluidised beds, Waste

N. Y. Chen, W. E. Garwood, F. G. Dwyer, Shape-selectivity catalysis in industrial

N. Miskolczi, L. Bartha, G. Deak, B. Jover, D. Kallo, Thermal and thermo-catalytic

N. Miskolczi, L. Bartha, G. Y. Deak, Thermal degradation of polyethylene and polystyrene

P. B. Vento, E. T. Habib, Fluid catalytic cracking with zeolite catalysts, Marcel Dekker Inc,

R. A. Garcia, D. P. Serrano, D. Otero. Catalytic cracking of HDPE over hybrid zeolitic-

S. Y. Lee, J. H. Yoon, J. R. Kim, D. W. Park. Degradation of polystyrene using clinoptilolite

S. M. Al-Salem, P. Lettieri, J. Baeyens, Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste

S. Kumar, A. K. Panda, R. K. Singh, A review on tertiary recycling of high-density

Y. Sakata, M. A. Uddin, A. Muto, Degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene into fuel

Y.-H. Seo, K.-H. Lee, D.-H. Shin, Investigation of catalytic degradation of high-density

Y. H. Lin, M. H. Yang, Catalytic pyrolysis of polyolefin waste into valuable hydrocarbons over reused catalyst from refinery FCC units, Appl Catal A: General 328 (2007) 132-139. Z. S. Seddegi, U. Budrthumal, A. A. Al-Arfaj, A. M. Al-Amer, S. A. I. Barri. Catalytic

oil by using solid acid and non-acid catalysts, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 51 (1999)

polyethylene by hydrocarbon group type analysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 70(2003)

cracking of polyethylene over all-silica MCM-41 molecular sieve. Appl Catal A:

polyethylene to fuel, Resources, Conversation and Recycling, 2011,

mesoporous materials. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 74 (2005) 379-86.

(PSW) : A review, Waste Management, 29(2009) 2625-2643

degradation of high-density polyethylene waste, , J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 72 (2004)

from the packaging industry over different catalysts. Polym Degrad Stab 91 (2006)

plastic wastes, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 85 (2009) 372-379

Management 27(2007) 168-176

Management, 24 (2004) 849-857

235-242

517-26.

135-155

383-398

General 2002; 225:167-76.

New York, 1979

Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 94 (2012) 209-214

applications, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1989

catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 64 (2002) 71-83.

mixture at low and high temperatures: Influence of lapse time of reaction, Waste

**8** 

Ahmet Turer

*Turkey* 

**Recycling of Scrap Tires** 

*Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept.* 

As Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964) successfully noted in her phrase "The human race is challenged more than ever before to demonstrate our mastery - not over nature but of ourselves", we are challenged to find ways to produce more energy, reduce our waste production while minimizing use of limited natural resources. Although recycling of materials has a history going back to the times of Plato BC400 and collecting scrap bronze & metals in Europe in pre-industrial times (Wikipedia, 2011), the demand roar for raw materials in the 19th and 20th centuries with industrial development caused cheaper alternative of reusing scrap material rather than mining them out. Interestingly, 21st century's major driving force has additional items on top of the existing reasons of using recycled material, such as reducing consumption of limited natural resources and lowering carbon dioxide emissions against the greenhouse effect. The increasing demand for energy production and dealing with larger amounts of waste contaminating the nature, forces mankind to find innovative ways to deal with the produced pollutant waste, emit lesser amounts of CO2, and generate more energy. Recycling of scrap tires turns out to be a perfect match for the recent requirements of the 21st century. This chapter discusses various ways of recycling scrap tires and how they relate to the recent energy, material, and nature needs of

Recycling of scrap tires until the 1960's in the US can be taken as an example; about half of the manufactured automobile tires used to be recycled since only synthetic or natural rubber was used in the tire manufacturing process and tires could have been directly used without major processing. Recycling of used tires was further encouraged by the fact that these materials were also expensive. The increasing use of the synthetic rubber, however, lowered the manufacturing costs and reduced need for recycling. Moreover, the development of steel belted tires in the late 1960's was almost the end of tire recycling since additional processing of tires was needed. Consequently, by 1995, the rate of rubber recycling fell to only 2%

Highway construction industry is a big alternative market for recycling scrap tires. Many studies have been carried out on crumb rubber modified asphalt. In 1995, it was required by all federal states in the U.S. to fund paving projects with tire modified asphalt. After that, the consumption rate of wasted tires in modified asphalt projects was increased, and in some states a maximum recycling rate of 20% was reached [Sheehan]. Other methods to gain the raw material and energy available inside scrap tires are further discussed under each

**1. Introduction** 

our times.

[Reschner].
