**7. References**


9. Although, apparently SSP can be considered a good "bottle to bottle" recycling method, due to the longer reaction times and the high cost of the equipment and of the control

10. Solid state polymerization (SPP) is based on the reaction between the POSTC-PET and the extender that takes place in steel reactors, under high vacuum, at temperature above glass transition (Tg) and under melting temperature (Tm), in the presence of catalysts. 11. The reactive processing (RP) of POSTC-PET, takes place in equipment usually used for primary polymer melt processing, at temperatures ranging between the melting temperature and the degradation those, in working conditions suitable to each pair

12. The chain extenders ("recycling aids") are mono, di or polyfunctional organic liquid or solid compounds, with low molecular weight (Mn < 3000) and controlled polydispersity (PDI › 3). The typical extender functional group are hydroxyl, carboxyl, anhydride,

13. In POSC-PET reactive processing the chain extension reactions are controlled by the extender concentration, reaction temperature and time and parameters proper to the

14. The extruders used in the reactive processing must be equipped with high vacuum degassing areas for the volatiles removal. These condition limits the industrial applicability of the reaction. The modern POSTC-PET extrusion systems have high

15. It is considered that an extrusion system used for the reactive processing is stable if the defining parameters vary within a minimally accepted controllable interval. Actually it is considered that an extruder system is constant when the nozzle pressure, the cylinder temperature and the flow speed are constant. The pressure in the vacuum system, also

16. Due to reactive processing, it is possible to reach an intrinsic viscosity higher than 0.6 dlg-1, which is a basic quality condition for the reprocessing of POSTC-PET into products designed for high performance applications. In most cases, by reactive processing to get properties in melt and solid state equal or higher than the ones of the

17. As the reaction uses smaller quantities of energy, water and nitrogen, the reactive processing is more cost-efficient than SSP, which needs catalyzers and other special

18. The main applications of the "repaired" mechanically recycled POSTC-PET are: bottles, expanded sheets, multi-layer sheets and foamed panels and compounds, composites and nanocomposites obtained by physical modification used in important applications.

Aghlara H., (2003), *Capacitors Based on Conducting Polyaniline Films*, Chinese Journal of

Aharoni S.M., Forbes D.E. & Hammond W.B. , (1986), *High-temperature ractions of hydroxyl* 

*an carboxyl PET chain end groups in the presence of aromatic phosphate,* Journal of

devices, the procedure is considered unsuitable for industrial level.

POSTC-PET – chain extender.

equipment in which the reactions take place.

needs a severe control and a minimal variation

Physics, Vol. 41, No. 2, April 2003, p. 185-190.

Polymer Science 24 (1986) 1281 - 1296

vacuum lines for removal of volatiles.

amine, epoxy etc.

virgin polymers;

reaction conditions.

**7. References** 


Overview on Mechanical Recycling

1835

*2004*

1574.

2007

(1999) 2121 -2127

by Chain Extension of POSTC-PET Bottles 109

Franz, (2004), "*European Survey on post consumer PET materials to determine contamination* 

Feng W., Ait-kadi A. & Bernard R., (2002), *Polymerization compounding: Epoxy-*

Forsythe J.S., Cheah K., Nisbet D.R., Gupta R.k., Lau A. & Donovan A.r., (2006),

Gantillon B., Spitz R. & McKenna T.F., (2003), *The solid state postcondensation of PET,* 

Ganzeveld K. & Janssen LPBM, (1993), *Twin screw extruders as polymerization rectors for a free radical homo polymerization.* Can J. Chem Eng 38 (1993) 411 – 418 Gersappe D., (2002), *Molecular mechanisms of failure in polymer nanocomposites*, Physical

Gilmer J. W., Matayabas J.C.Jr., Connell G.W., Owens Jeffrey Todd,Turner Sam Richard &

Giselle Sandi, Riza Kizilel, Kathleen A. Carrado, Rocio Fernández-Saavedra, Norma

Giusca C., Baibarac M., Lefrant S., Chauvet O., Baltog I., Devenyi A. & Manaila R., (2002),

Gläsel H.J., Hartmann E., Mehnert R., Hirsch D., Böttcher R. & Hormes J., (1999), *Physico-*

Hambir S., Bulakh N. & Jog J.P., (2002), *Polypropylene/Clay nanocomposites: Effect of* 

Hanley T., Sutton D., Heeley E, Moad G. & Knott R., (2007), *A Small-Angle X-ray Scattering* 

Haralabakopolulos A., Tsiourvas D. & Paleos C.M., (1999), *Chain extension of poly(ethylene* 

*polymer nanocomposites*, Electrochimica Acta 50 (2005) 3891-3896.

Materials Science and Engineering A 418 (2006) 268-281.

Polymer Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1800-1807

Piner Rodney Layne, (2004*), Process for Preparing an Exfoliated, High I.V. Polymer Nanocomposite with an Oligomer Resin Precursor and an Article Produced Therefrom,* 

Castagnola, (2005)*Effect of the silica precursor on the conductivity of hectorite-derived* 

*Co-polymer nanocomposites: evidence for interface interaction*, Carbon 40 (2002) 1565-

*chemical modification effects of nanoparticles in radiation-cured polymeric composites*, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 151 (1999) 200-206. Hadal R., Yuan Q., Jog J.P. & Misra R.D.K., (2006),*On stress whitening during surface* 

*deformation in clay-coating polymer nanocomposites: A microstructural approach*,

*compatibilizer on the thermal, crystallization and dynamic mechanical behavior*,

*Study of the Effect of Chain Architecture on the Shear-Induced Crystallization of Brached an Linear Poly(ethylene terephthalate)*, Journal of Applied Crystallography,

*terephthalate) by reactive blending using diepoxides,* Journal of Applied Science 71

*extrusion,* Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100 (2006) 3646 – 3652 Fujimoto Y. , Ray Sinha S. , Okamoto M., Ogami A., Yamada K. & Ueda K. ,(2003), *Well-*

Macromolecular Rapid Communications 24 (2003) 457-461

Scopus – Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2003

Review Letters 89 (2002) 058301/1-058301/4

*PET"* ,Food Additiv Contam, 2004, 21 (3), 265-286

*level and maximum exposure consumer level from food packages made from recycled* 

*montmorillonite nanocomposites*, Polymer Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1827-

*Rheological properties of high melt strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) former reactive* 

*controlled biodegradable nanocomposite foams: From microcellular to nanocellular*,


Bureau N.M., Denault J., Cole K.C. & Enright G., (2002), *The role of crystallinity and* 

Buxton J. & Balazs A.C., (2002), *Lattice spring model of filled polymers and nanocomposites*,

Carotenuto G., Xuejun X. & Nicolais L., (2000), *Transparent organic-inorganic nanostructured* 

Carta D., (2001)," *Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (pet) by hydrolysis and* 

Cavalcanti F.N., Teofilo S., Rabello M. & Silva S.L.M., (2007), *Chain Extension and* 

Chaiko D.J., (2002), *The colloid chemistry or organoclays*, International SAMPE Symposium

Chabert E., Dendievel R. , Gauthier C. & Cavaillć J.-Y, (2004), *Prediction of the elastic* 

Chen C. & Curliss D., (2003), *Processing and morphological development of montmorillonite* 

Chrissopoulou K., Alintzi I. , Anastasiadis S.H., Giannelis E.P., Pitsikalis M. ,

Conde A., Durán A. & de Damborenea J.J., (2003), *Polymeric sol-gel coatings as protective layers of alumminium alloys*, Progress in Organic Coatings 46 (2003) 288-296 David J. Hurd, (2001), "*Best Practices and Industry Standards in PET Plastic Recycling*",

Debashis S., Dinesh R. Katti, Kalpana S. Katti & Raúl Bhowmik, (2006), *Insight into* 

Deng Q., Cable K.M., Moore R.B. & Mauritz K.A., (1996), *Small-angle X-ray scattering* 

Dhavalikar R. & Xanthos M., (2002), *Parameters affecting the chain extension and branching of* 

Di Lorenzo M.L., Errico M.E. & Avella M.(2007), *Thermal and morphological characterization* 

Ehrig R.J., (1992), "*Plastics Recycling:Products and Processes*", Hanser Publishers, New York,

of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996) 1917-1923

*simulation*, Composites Science and Technology 64 (2004) 309-316.

Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1897-1906

390-394, DOI: 10.1065/espr2001.12.104.8

Polymer Engineering and Science, 2007.

Polymer 46 (2005) 12440-12451.

47 (2006) 5196-5205

Science 37 (2002) 2351-2358

643 – 652

USA, 1992

and Exhibition (Proceedings) 47 II (2002) 1064-1073

*epoxy nanocomposites*, Nanotechnology 14 (2003) 643-648

http://www.napcor.com/pdf/Master.pdf; 2001

Erema (2002), *Plastic recycling systems, the PET pant technology,* 2002

Journal of Chemical Physics 117 (2002) 7649-7658

*materials: preparation methods*, Polymer News 25 (2000) 6-10

*reinforcement in the mechanical behavior of polyamide-6/clay nanocomposites*, Polymer

*glycolysis* ", Environmental Science and Pollution Research Volume 10, Number 6,

*degradation during Reactive processing of PET in the precence of triphenyl phosphate,* 

*response of polymer based nanocomposites: a mean field approach and a discrete* 

Hadjiechristidis N. & Theophilou N.,(2005), *Controlling the miscibility of polyethylene/layered silicate nanocomposites by altering the polymer/surface interactions*,

*molecular interactions between constituents in polymer clay nanocomposites*, Polymer

*studies of Nafion® / [silicon oxide] and Nafion® / ORMOSIL nanocomposites*, Journal

*PET in the melt state by polyexposides,* Journal of Applied Polimer Science 87 (2002)

*of poly(ethyleneterephthalate)/calcium carbonate nanocomposites*, Journal of Materials


Overview on Mechanical Recycling

2003 Full paper Vol. B, pp. 401 – 407

and Applications 30 (2001) 318-327

*Recycled PET Foams for Food Packaging, 2001*

*rheological aspects,* Journal of Polymer Science 2005

Applied Surface Science 252 (2006) 2535-2518.

of Applied Polymer Science 108 (2008) 2597-2603.

automatic filtration and on line IV monitoring",

Science 86 (2002) 1426 – 1435.

Beverage & Nutrition, 2003.

417 - 420

*extruder,* ANTAC 2001

65 (2005) 2276-2280.

Applied Polymer Science 56 (2003) 2165 - 2142

Polymer Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1836-1840

by Chain Extension of POSTC-PET Bottles 111

Karayannidis G.P., Kokkalas D.E. & Bikiaris D.N, (2003), *Solid-state polycondensation of* 

Karim A., Amis E., Yurekli E., Krishnamoorti R. & Meredith C., (2002), *Combinatorial* 

Kiatkamjornwong, S., Surunchanajirasakul, P. & Tasakorn P., (2001), *Natural rubber-cassava* 

Kim M.H. & Gogos C.G. , (2001), *Melting phenomena and mechanism in co-rotating twin-screw* 

Kumar V., Waggoner M., Kroeger L., Probert S.M. & Nadella K, (2001),*Microcellular* 

Lacoste J.F., Bounor-Legare V., Llauro M.F., Monnet C., Cassagnau P. & Michel A., (2005),

Lingaiah S., Kunigal N. S., Sadler R. & Sharpe M., (2005), *A method of visualization of* 

Lochhead R.Y., Camille T. Haynes, Stephen R. Jones & Virginia Smith, (2006),*The high* 

Longzhen Q., Wei C. & Baojun Q, (2006), *Morphology and thermal stabilization mechanism of LLDPE/MMT and LLDPE/LDH nanocomposites*, Polymer 47 (2006) 922-930 Martίnez J.G., Benavides R. & Guerrero C., (2008), *Compatibilization of Commingled Plastics* 

Minoru Genta & Fumitoshi Yano, (2003), "*Development of Chemical Recycling Process for* 

Heavy industries Ltd., Technical Review Vol.40 Extra No.1 (Jan.2003) Monika Gneuss, (2007), "Processing PET bottles flakes into nonwovens with fully

 http://www.ce-pip.com/docs/Gneuss\_bottle\_flakes\_into\_nonwovens.pdf, 19/2007 Morawiec J., Bartczak Z., Pluta M. & Glalesk A. I, (2002), *High-strength uniaxially drawn* 

Novis E., (2003) "*PET recycling increases but tighter regulation needed*", newsletters - Food,

Paci M. & La Mantia F.P., (1998), *Compettion between degradation and chain extension during* 

*Environmental Science and Technology* Lemnos Island, Greece, 8 – 10 September

*poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft-drink bottles,* Journal of

*methods for polymer materials science: Phase behavior of nanocomposite blend films*,

*starch foam by compression moulding*, Plastics, Rubber and Composite Processing

*Functionalization of poly(ethylene Terephthalate) in the melt state: Chemical and* 

*dispersion of nanoplatelets in nanocomposites*, Composites Science and Technology

*throughput investigation of polyphenolic couplers in biodegradable packaging materials*,

*with Maleic Anhydride Modified Polyethylenes and Ultraviolet Preirradiation*, Journal

*post-Consumer PET Bottles by Methanolysis in supercritical Methanol*" Mitsubishi

*tapes from scrap recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate),* Journal of Applied Polymer

*processing of reclaimed poly(ethylene terephthalate),* Polymer Degradation 61 (1998)


Hongyang Y., Jin Zhu, Wilkie C.A. & Morgan A.B., (2002)*, Crown ether-modified clays and* 

Hong Jun Zhou, Min Zhi Rong, Ming Qiu Zhang, Wen Hong Ruan & Klaus Friedrich, *Role* 

Huimin Yu, Keqing Han & Muhuo Yu, (2004), *The rate acceleration in solid-state* 

Hu Y.S., Rogunova M., Schiraldi D.A., Hiltner A. & Baer E., (2002), *Crystallization Kinetics* 

Inata H. & Matsumura S., (1985), *Chain extenders for polyesters.Addition type chain extenders* 

Inata H. & Matsumura S., (1986), *Chain extenders for polyesters. Addition type nitrogen-*

Inata H. & Matsumura S., (1987), *Chain extenders for polyesters. Properties of polyesters chain* 

Janssen LPBM, (1998), *On The Stability of reactive extrusion,* Polymer Engineering Science

Japon S., Leterrier Y. & Jan-Andres E. M., (2004), Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Kalpana S. K, Debashis S., Dinesh R. K., Pijush G. & Devendra V, (2006), *Molecular* 

Karayannidis G. , Siderdou I., Zamboulis D., Stalidis G. & Bikiaris D., (1991), *Solid-state* 

Karaiannidis GP, Kokkalas D.E., Bikiaris D N, 1993 "*Solid State Polycondensation od PRT* 

Karayannidis G., Sideridou I., Zamboulis D. & Bikiaris D., (2003), *Effect of some phosphorous* 

Karayannidis G.P., (2003), Chemical Recycling of PET et by Glycolysis*.Alkyd Resins* 

Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (2003) 117 - 124

*nanocomposites: experiments and modeling*, Polymer 47 (2006) 403-414 Kamal R., Borse N.K. & A. Garcia-Rejon, (2002), *The effect of pressure and clay on the* 

Polymer Engineering and Science, 2007

Applied Polymer Science, 32 (1986) 5193 - 5199

Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1883-1896

Makromolekulare Chemie 1991

1993vol.50, 2135 - 2142

1814

(2004) 971 – 976

30 (1985) 3325 - 3337

Pages 1942-1952, 2004

(2002).

3069 – 3079

1998

*their polystyrene nanocomposites*, Polymer Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1808-

*of reactive compatibilization in preparation of nanosilica/polypropylene composites*,

*polycondensation of PET by nanomaterials,* Journal of Applied Polymer Science 94

*and Crystalline Morphology of Poly(ethylene naphthalate) and Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-bibenzoate)*, Journal of Apllied Polymer Scince, Vol.86, 98-115

*reactive with carboxyl end group of polyesters,* Journal of Applied Polymer Science,

*containing chain extenders reactive with hydroxyl end groups for polyesters,* Journal of

*extended by 2,2 – bis(2-oxazoline),* Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 33 (1987)

into closed-cell foams, Polymer Engineering and Science, Volume 40 Issue 8,

*interactions in intercalated organically modified clay and clay-polycaprolactam* 

*crystallization behavior and kinetics of polyamide-6 in nanocomposites*, Polymer

*polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films,* Die Angewandte

*recycled from postconsumer Soft Drink Bottle".* Journal of Applied Polymer Science,

*compunds on the thermo-oxidative stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate),* Die

*Derived from the Glycolised PET,* Proceedings of the *8th International Conference on* 

*Environmental Science and Technology* Lemnos Island, Greece, 8 – 10 September 2003 Full paper Vol. B, pp. 401 – 407


http://www.ce-pip.com/docs/Gneuss\_bottle\_flakes\_into\_nonwovens.pdf, 19/2007


Overview on Mechanical Recycling

Stability 93 (2008) 910 - 917

European Polymer Journal 36 (2000) 2075-2080

Applied Polymer Science 79 (2001) 1816 – 1824

Journal for Science and Engineering 27 (2002) 43-68

Symposium-Proceedings 703 (2002) 243-248

Science, 2000, vol.40,no.3, 554 - 566

Polymer Science 75 (2000) 1371 - 1377

2006

by Chain Extension of POSTC-PET Bottles 113

Spinace M.A. & De Paoli M.A., (2001), *Characteriztion of Poly(ethylene terephtalate) after multiple processing cycles,* Journal pf Applied Polymer Science 80 (2001) 20-25 Swoboda B., Buonomo S., Leroy E. & Lopez Cuesta J.M., (2008), *Fire retardant poly(ethylene* 

Tannenbaum R., Reich S., Flenniken C.L. & Goldberg E.P., (2002), *Shape control of iron oxide nanoclusters in polymeric media*, Advanced Materials 14 (2002) 1402-1405 Teh P.L. , Mohd Ishak Z.A., Hshim A.S., Karger-Kocsis J. & Ishiaku U.S., (2004), *Effects of* 

*organoclay nanocomposites*, European Polymer Journal 40 (2004) 2513-2521. Torres N., Robin J.J. & Boutevin B., (2000), *Study of thermal and mechanical properties of* 

Torres N., Robin J.J. & Bountvin B., (2001), *Chemical modification of virgin and recycled* 

Tortora M., Gorrasi G., Vittoria V., Galli G., Ritrovati S., Chiellini E., (2002), *Stuctural* 

*montmorillonite/polyurethane nanocomposites*, Polymer 43 (2002) 6147-6157 Unnikrishnan G. & Sabu Thomas, (1998), *Interaction of crosslinked natural rubber with chlorinated hydrocarbons*, Polymer, 1998, Volume 39, Number 17, p. 3933-3938. Utracki L.A. & Kamal M.R., (2002), *Clay-containing polymeric nanocomposites*, Arabian

Vasiliu E., Wang C.S. & Vaia R.A., (2002), *Preparation of optically transparent films of* 

Villalobos M., Awojulu A., Greeley T., Turco G. & Deeter G., (2006), *Oligomeric chain* 

Volker F., Dietrich Scherzer, Villalobos M., (2008), *Multifunctional polymers as chain* 

Warburton S.C., Donald A.M. & Smith A.C., (1992), *Structure and mechanical properties of brittle starch foams*, Journal of Materials Science 27 (1992) 1469-1474 Xanthos M., Yilmazer U., Dey S.K. & Quintas J., (2004), *Melt viscoelasticity of polyethylene* 

Xanthos M, Young M.W., Karayannidis GP, Bikiaris DN, " *Reactive modifdication of poluethylene terephtalate with polyepoxides*", polym.eng.Sci., 2001, 41(4), 643-55; Yilmazer U., Xanthos M., Bayram G. & Tan V. , (2000), *Viscoelastic characteristics of chain* 

Yong Tang, Menachem Lewin, (2008*) New aspects of migration and flame retardancy in polymer nanocomposites*, Polymer Degradation and Stability 93 (2008) 1986-1995.

Van Meerveld J., Ottinger H.C. , Hutter M., Flow-induced Crystallization, 2007

*terephthlate)/polycarbonate/triphenylphosphite blends*, Polymer Degradation and

*epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer in melt compouned natural rubber-*

*virgin and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) before and after injection molding,* 

*poly(ethylene terephthalate) by adding of chain extenders during processing,* Journal of

*characterization and transport properties of organically modified* 

*poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and montomorillonite*, Materials Research Society

*extenders for economic reprocessing and recycling of condensation plastics,* Elvesier

*extenders and compatibilizers for polycondensates and biopolymers, ANTEC (2008) 1682*

*terephthalate resins for low density extrusion foaming,* Polymer Engineering and

*extended/branched and linera polyethylene terephthalate resins,* Journal of Applied


Pralay M., Pham Hoai Nam, Masami O., Tadao K., Naoki H. & Arimitsu Usuki, (2002),*The* 

Pham Hoai Nam, Pralay Maiti, Masami Okamoto, Tadao Kotaka, Takashi Nakayama,

Place I.A., Penner T.L., McBranch D.W. & Whitten D.G., (2003), *Layered nanocomposites of* 

Potente H. & Flecke, *Analysis and modeling of the residence time distribution in intermeshing co-rotating, twin screw extruders based on finite element simulation,* ANTEC 1997 Raki L., J.J. Beaudoin, L. Mitchell, *Layered double hydroxide-like materials: nanocomposites for use in concrete*, Cement and Concrete Research 34 (2004) 1717-1724. Ren J., Casanueva B.F., Mitchell C.A. & Krishnamoorti R., (2003), *Disorientation kinetics of* 

Rossi G.B., Beaucage G., Dang T.D. & Vaia G., (2002), *Bottom-Up Synthesis of Polymer* 

Rosu R.F., Robert A. Shanks & Sati N. Bhattacharya, (1999),*Synthesis and Characterisation of branched Poly(ethylene terephthalate),* Polymer International 42 (1999) 267 -275 Rosu R.F., Robert A. Shanks & Sati N. Bhattacharya, (1999), *Shear rheology and thermal* 

Sandro Donnini Mancini & Mari zanin, (1999), *Recyckability of PET from virgin resin,*

Scheirs J., (1998), *Polymer recycling, science, technology and application.* John Wiley and Sons

Schmidt H.K., Geiter E., Menning M., Krug H., Becker C. & Winkler R.P., (1999), *The sol-*

Shanti V. N., Goettler L.A. & Bruce A. Lysek, (2002), *Toughness of nanoscale and multiscale polyamide-6,6 composites*, Polymer Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1872-1882 Shen L., Wuiwui Chauhari T. & Tianxi L., (2005), *Nanoindentation and morphological studies on injection-molded nylon -6 nanocomposites*, Polymer 46 (2005) 11969-11977. Soares D.A.W., de Souza P.H.o., Rubinger R.M., de Queiroz A.A.A., Higa O.Z. & de Souza

*Blends*, Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 34, no. 2B, 2004.

*nanocompositesi*, Polymer Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1864-1871 Pegoretti A., Kolarik J., Peroni C. & Migliaresi C., (2004), *Recycled poly(ethylene* 

*properties,* Polimer International 2004

– 1938

1999.

1998

397-404

(2003) 3169-3177

Letters 2 (2002) 319-323

Materials Research 2 (1999) 33-38

*effect of crystallization on the structure and morphology of polypropylene/clay* 

*terephthalate)/layered silicate nanocomposites: Morphology and tensile mechanical* 

Mitsuko Takada, Masahiro Ohshima, Arimitsu Usuki, Naoki Hasegawa & Hirotaka Okamoto, (2002), *Foam processing and cellular structure of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites* Polymer Engineering and Science 42 (2002) 1910

*aggregated dyes and inorganic scaffolding*, Journal of Physical Chemistry A 107

*aligned polymer layered silicate nanocomposites*, Macromolecules 36 (2003) 4188-4194.

*Nanocomposites and Molecular Composites: Ionic Exchange with PMMA Latex*, Nano

*properties of linear branched poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends,* Polymer International

*gel process for nano-technologies: New nanocomposites with interesting optical and mechanical properties*, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 13 (1-3) (1999)

I.R., (2004), *AC Electrical Conductivity of Cr-Doped Polyaniline/Poly(vinyl alcohol)* 


**4** 

*Italy* 

*Politecnico di Milano* 

**Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Recycling: High** 

Giulia Bozzano, Mario Dente and Renato Del Rosso

Polypropylencarbonate PPC

Polyneopentylencarbonate PNPC

Poly(p-xylilene)carbonate PPXC

**Pressure Hydrolysis Can Be a Convenient Way** 

Polycarbonates are polymers characterized by a carbonate group. Their molecular structure can be of various kinds depending on the unit (G) that is connected with the carbonate.

<sup>R</sup> <sup>R</sup> Poly(bisphenol A)carbonate BAPC

Among them, the poly(bisphenol A) carbonate (PC in the following) is the most diffused. It is commonly referred as polycarbonate because of its vast number of industrial applications. It is a lightweight, high-quality plastic. It is well known and appreciated for its transparency, its excellent resistance to impact and its ability to withstand high temperature during the lifespan of the final article. Generally speaking, materials based on polycarbonates are resistant, rigid till 140°C and not fragile under –20°C. They are amorphous and have excellent mechanical properties and dimensional stability. Some restrictions in their use consist in a limited resistance to chemicals and to scrapes, and to color changes after exposition to UV ray. These problems can be solved by means of the proper additives or making use of mechanical mixing with other polymers. The main

<sup>R</sup> <sup>R</sup> Polytrimethylencarbonate PTMC

*group G Polymer name* 

**1. Introduction** 

Table 1 reports some of the most used polycarbonates.

R

R

R

CH3

CH3

C H <sup>3</sup>

C H <sup>3</sup>

Table 1. most diffused polycarbonates.

physical properties are resumed in table 2.

C H <sup>3</sup>

R

R

R

