**3. Conclusions**

262 Material Recycling – Trends and Perspectives

0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 particle size / µm

Fig. 27. Flexible multi-layered sachets, 20 mm grid, size distribution, size class -0.5 mm, dry

The results of the sieving tests show that the comminuted dry sachets are mostly found in the +1.0 mm and -0.5 mm size classes. In fact, in these classes are respectively collected the multi-layered materials and the granular medicine particles. In the size class –1.0 mm +0.85 mm, the results of laser granulometer analyses show two principal modes, reasonably due

After the division in the particle size classes in -1 mm +0.85 mm obtained by sieving, image analysis have been conducted on the products of dry comminution tests. The results of image analysis for the multi-layered sachets are given in Table 21. Examples of images taken

*+1.0 mm -1.0 mm +0.85 mm* 

*-0.85 mm +0.50 mm -0.50 mm*  Fig. 28. Flexible multi-layered sachets, images of the products of dry comminution tests.

to the presence of both multi-layered materials and granular medicine.

of the dry comminution products are shown in Figure 28.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

comminution, laser granulometry.

density distribution q3\*(x)

The results of experimental tests demonstrate the effectiveness of shear stress to comminute primary packaging and waste pharmaceutical product under investigation.

The comminution tests by blade mill RETSCH – SM 2000 show the following outcomes:


Considering the outlined results, the comminution process seems to be a feasible treatment for pharmaceutical waste, in order to reduce particle size and to separate packaging materials (mainly plastics) and powder eventually contained.

The wet comminution, even if not influential on geometric and morphological characteristics of output particles, can be adopted to avoid powder dispersion in air.

**11** 

*Slovakia* 

**Recycling of the Hardwood Kraft Pulp** 

*Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology* 

According to "Key Statistics 2009 European Pulp and Paper Industry" CEPI member countries produce 21,6 % of world fibre production, while North America 37,4 % and Asia

Pulp made by kraft process is the most widely used raw material for paper and board

For paper and board production is not using exclusively fresh pulp fibres. The portion of

While the portion of new and recycled fibres used in CEPI countries was equivalent in 2008, the consumption of recycled fibres (as a waste paper) increases 2.6 mil. tonnes (fig. 1).

**Pulp consumption [mil.t] Waste paper consumption [mil.t]**

**50,7 48,7**

**49,9 48,6**

The year 2009 was the first year when CEPI countries consume more waste paper (44.9 mil. tonnes) than pulp (42.3 mil. tonnes) for production of 88.7 mil. tonnes of paper and board. The usage level of recycled fibres is evaluated based on predefined parameters – waste

**1991 2000 2007 2008 2009**

**1. Introduction** 

production.

23,8 % (Key Statistics, 2009).

recycled fibres increases gradually.

Fig. 1. Evolution of new and recycled fibres.

**0,0**

**10,0**

**20,0**

**30,0**

**40,0**

**50,0**

**60,0**

**70,0**

**38,2**

**25,8**

**46,7**

**41,8**

paper utilization rate and recycling rate.

Jarmila Geffertová and Anton Geffert

**42,3**

**44,9**

#### **4. References**

