**5. Conclusions**

This chapter illustrated various uses of scrap tires through recycling as a whole, in parts, or after chemically decomposition of materials inside scrap tires. Industrial development brought luxury of cars to our modern lives that produces scrap tires in an increasing rate. As in the cases of other natural resources in the world, we need to learn using less of natural

system in the third test could have resulted from higher stiffness associated with the STR chain and/or possibility of having a relatively high unintended initial (nominal) strength of

LVDT

Half Circular Wooden block

UNP100-sections

UNP100-sections

LVDT

80 cm

85 cm

85 cm

UNP100-sections

UNP100-sections

Front View

LVDT

Fig. 11. Application of post tensioning by (a) STR chains, (b) hybrid system, (c) test setup.

This chapter illustrated various uses of scrap tires through recycling as a whole, in parts, or after chemically decomposition of materials inside scrap tires. Industrial development brought luxury of cars to our modern lives that produces scrap tires in an increasing rate. As in the cases of other natural resources in the world, we need to learn using less of natural

Wood Load cell

Moveable-cap LVDT

UNP260

the hybrid test's masonry wall.

Jack Jack

INP-260

**5. Conclusions** 

UNP-260

UNP-260

UNP-260

stroke

Side View

Load cell

resources while recycling readily available tires by finding ways not to pollute the environment. All cars in the world constantly generating about one scrap tire per person every year causes scrap tires generation in the order of billions on a global scale. The ideal solution would have been recycling each scrap tire to a brand new tire, since when someone throws away a used tire has to buy a new tire.

Using tires on slope stability and land fill, inside asphalt and concrete is not adequately spread enough and in right quantities to use all manufactured tires. Structural uses of scrap tires remain to be at limited instances either enforced by government such as in the case of roads and pavements or experimentally sparse and rare mostly applied by good intentioned environmentalists or low-budgeted projects. Chemical decomposition using pyrolysis is a highly promising approach; however, could not quite reach its full potential yet. On the other hand, burning scrap tires at high temperature furnaces at cement producing kilns and thermo electric power plants as fuel is quite efficient and widely used. Provided that chimney filtering is defined by regulations and rules are properly enforced from toxic material emissions, scrap tire burning seems to be a good source of recycling and transforming otherwise useless and harmful discarded material into energy.

#### **6. Acknowledgment**

This study was made possible by World Bank DM2003 SPIM-1451 as well as MAG(İÇTAG)- I599/01 (104I011) projects. Author acknowledges contribution from research assistants Mr. Mustafa Golalmis and Mr. Bayezid Ozden.

#### **7. References**


http://www.entire-engineering.de/Scrap\_Tire\_Recycling.pdf


**9** 

Uladzimir Kalitko

*Belarus* 

*Heat-Mass Transfer Institute, HMTI,* 

*Belarus National Academy of Science, Minsk,* 

**Waste Tire Pyrolysis Recycling with Steaming:** 

Waste tires pyrolysis is well known method for their thermal recycling by heating at near 500°C with purpose of liquid oil and carbon black by-production as near 50% and 35% yield correspondingly, including about 10% combustible off-gas residual after oil condensing and 5% wire steel cord in rest (all relatively to tire mass). There are many patents claimed in the world such as [1-20] and others, as well as many research papers published in this field such as [21-42] and others since the 1980s mainly. Not considering such simplest as batch-battery type and such complicated as fluidized bed one and some others, the drum-kiln and screw-auger type of pyrolysis reactor should be noticed as most preferable for commercial use, being both of them operated continually with tire shreds as 2-3 inch size. The tire material is gasifying in a sealed pyrolysis reactor and volatile hydrocarbons (pyrolysis gases or simply pyrogas,) are piping from reactor to condenser for the liquid pyrolysis oil. A few of the oil as 5-10% is burning for heating the reactor, provided with all the off-gas fuel after condensing the oil is afterburning too. As a solid rest the tire carbon char is continually discharging from reactor for its powdering,

But even in 2000s with reference to [32] it has been concluded as there was not an operating commercial plant in the world that could be recognized as operated successfully with a high commercial productivity and quality of both by-products. Particularly, for the carbon black could be used commercially in the rubber industry again, its quality must be as 1-2 % tire oil volatile matters residual content. In recent years the tire pyrolysis plants of rotary-batch type are many referenced in the net as an alternative and widely used in China, Malaysia, Taiwan, etc., operating simply with a whole tire bulk and producing so way the carbon black of low quality as 5-6% and more of the residual content above, operating a priory with

In connection with the carbon black quality and with reference to [1, 2] the vacuum tire pyrolysis method should be mentioned as claimed in the 1980s, being performed under the low-pressure and resulted in 4% and less of oil residual content. It should be noticed as well

separating off steel wires and producing the carbon black.

a low productivity as the batch-type.

**1. Introduction** 

**Heat-Mass Balances & Engineering** 

**Solutions for By-Products Quality** 

Ruben Tire and Auto Service, Available from

http://www.rabentire.com/?PageData=37134 2011.


http://www.rma.org/scrap\_tires/scrap\_tire\_markets/cement\_ kiln\_report.pdf


Wikipedia, recycling Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling, 2011.

William Sheehan, "Tires an d Glass Markets for Rural Georgia", 1995; cited on 2011 at http://www.p2pays.org/ref/24/23747.pdf
