**7. References**


The Soultz-sous-Forêts' Enhanced Geothermal System:

*Geothermics*, 35, No. 5-6, 473-483.

*Research,* 196, 126–133.

February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191


*Geothermal Research*, 57, 1-17.

*European Journal of Mineralogy*, 11, 731-741.

001 P, 66 pp.

399.

191

A Granitic Basement Used as a Heat Exchanger to Produce Electricity 501

Genter, A., Cuenot, N., Goerke, X. & Sanjuan B., (2010). Programme de suivi scientifique et

Gérard, A. & Kappelmeyer, O. (1987). The Soultz-sous-Forêts project : Proceedings of the

Gérard, A., Genter, A., Kohl, Th., Lutz, Ph., Rose, P. & Rummel, F. (2006). The deep EGS

Hébert, R.L., Ledésert, B., Bartier, D., Dezayes, C., Genter, A., & Grall, C. (2010) The

Hébert, R.L, Ledésert, B. , Genter, A., Bartier, D. & Dezayes, C. (2011) Mineral Precipitation

Hickman, S. & Davatzes, N. (2010).In-Situ Stress and Fracture Characterization for Planning

Hurtig, E., Cermak, V., Haenel, R. Zui, V. (1992). Geothermal Altlas in Europe, *Hermann* 

Karvounis D. & Jenny. P. (2011). Modeling of Flow and Transport in Enhanced Geothermal

Kosack, C., Vogt, C., Marquart, G., Clauser, C. & Rath, V. (2011). Stochastic Permeability

Kretz, R. (1985). Symbols for Rock- forming Minerals , American Mineralogist, 68, 277-279. Ledésert, B., Dubois, J., Genter, A. & Meunier, A. (1993) Fractal analysis of fractures applied

Ledésert, B., Berger, G., Meunier, A., Genter, A. and Bouchet, A. (1999). Diagenetic-type

Ledésert B., Hébert R., Grall C., Genter A., Dezayes C., Bartier D., Gérard A. (2009)

Giardini, D. (2009). Geothermal quake risks must be faced, *Nature*, 462, 848-849

Stanford, California, February 1-3, 2010, SGP-TR-188

*Haak Verlagsgeschellschaft mbH*, Germany.

technique de la centrale géothermique de Soultz pendant l'exploitation, Rapport d'avancement Phase III : activité 2010, décembre 2010, rapport GEIE EMC RA05

first EEC/US workshop on geothermal Hot dryRocks Technology, *Geothermics*, 393-

(Enhanced Geothermal System) Project at Soultz-sous-Forêts (Alsace, France),

Enhanced Geothermal System of Soultz-sous-Forêts: A study of the relationships between fracture zones and calcite content, *Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal* 

in Geothermal Reservoir : the Study Case of Calcite in the Soultz-sous-Forêts Enhanced Geothermal System, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 31 -

of an EGS Stimulation in the Desert Peak Geothermal Field, NV; *Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University,

Systems, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 31 - February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-

Estimation for the Soultz-sous-Forêts EGS Reservoir, *Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University*, Stanford, California, January 31

to Soultz-sous-Forêts Hot Dry Rock geothermal program, *Journal of Volcanology and* 

reactions related to hydrothermal alteration in the Soultz-sous-Forêts granite,

Calcimetry as a useful tool for a better knowledge of flow pathways in the Soultz-


Brown, D.W. (2009). Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy : Important Lessons from Fenton

Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 9-11, 2009, SGP-TR-187 Clauser, C. (2006), Geothermal Energy, in K. Heinloth (ed.), Landolt-Börnstein, Group VIII

Concha, D., Fehler, M., Zhang, H. & Wang, P. (2010). Imaging of the Soultz Enhanced

Culver, G. (1998) Drilling and Well Construction, Chapter 6, *Geothermal Direct Use* 

Davatzes, N.C. & Hickman, S.H. (2009). Fractures, Stress and Fluid Flow prior to

Dezayes, C. and Genter, A. (2008). Large-scale Fracture Network Based on Soultz Borehole

Dezayes C., Genter A., Valley B. (2010). Structure of the low permeable naturally fractured geothermal reservoir at Soultz, *Comptes Rendus Geosciences,* 342, 517-530. Dèzes, P., Schmid, S.M., Ziegler, P.A. (2004). Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift

Dubois, M., Ledésert, B., Potdevin, J.L. & Vançon, S. (2000). Détermination des conditions de

Economides, M.J. & Nolte, K.G. (2000). *Reservoir Stimulation*, Third Edition, Wiley, NY and

Fridleifsson, I.B. (2000). Improving the Standard of Living, World Geothermal Congress

Genter, A., Traineau, H., Dezayes, C., Elsass, P., Ledésert, B. , Meunier, A. & Villemin. T.

Genter, A., Fritsch, D., Cuenot, N., Baumgärtner, J. & Graff J.J. (2009) Overview of the

Renewable Energies, 480–595, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin.

Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, 1998.

Stanford, California, February 9-11, 2009, SGP-TR-187

,24–25 September 2008, Soultz-sous-Forêts, France.

*Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences*, 331, 303-309.

lithosphere, *Tectonophysics* , 389, 1–33.

Chichester

SGP-TR-187

2000 Convention News 2, 1.

California, February 1-3, 2010, SGP-TR-188

http://geoheat.oit.edu/pdf/tp65.pdf

Hill, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering*,

*Advanced Material and Technologies*, Vol. 3 Energy Technologies, Subvolume C,

Geothermal Reservoir Using Microseismic Data, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford,

*Engineering and Design Guidebook*, Third Edition, Culver, Gene, Geo-Heat Center,

Stimulation of well 27-15, Desert Peak, Nevada, EGS Project, Clark,C. (2009). Preproduction Activity Impacts of Enhanced Geothermal Systems, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University,

Data, EHDRA Scientific Conference, *Proceedings of the EHDRA scientific conference*

System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland

précipitation des carbonates dans une zone d'altération du granite de Soultz (soubassement du fossé rhénan, France) : l'enregistrement des inclusions fluides,

(1995). Fracture Analysis and Reservoir Characterization of the Granitic Basement in the HDR Soultz Project (France), *Geothermal Science and Technology*, 4(3), 189-214.

Current Activities of the European EGS Soultz Project : From Exploration to Electricity Production, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 9-11, 2009,


The Soultz-sous-Forêts' Enhanced Geothermal System:

http://geoheat.oit.edu/pdf/tp66.pdf

31 - February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191

California, January 31 - February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191

Stanford, California, January 28-30, 2008, SGP-TR-185

Stanford, California, February 1-3, 2010, SGP-TR-188

39, Issue 4, Pages 292-313

No. 5-6, 622-653.

2007, 7 pp.

Results, *Geoscience*.

2011, SGP-TR-191

SoultzNet (2011). http://www.geothermie-soultz.fr

2, April 1998, Pages 143-166

A Granitic Basement Used as a Heat Exchanger to Produce Electricity 503

Rafferty, K. (1998). Outline Specifications for Direct-Use Wells and Equipment, , Geo-Heat

Romagnoli, P., Arias, A., Barelli, A., Cei, M. & Casini, M. (2010). An Updated Numerical

Sanjuan, B., Pinault, J-L, Rose, P., Gérard, A., Brach, M., Braibant, G., Crouzet, C., Foucher, J-

Sanval, S.K. & Enedy, S. (2011) Fifty Years of Power Generation at the Geysers Geothermal

Satman, A. (2011). Sustainability of Geothermal Doublets, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth* 

Sausse, J., Dezayes, C., Genter, A. (2007). From geological interpretation and 3D modelling

Sausse, J., Dezayes, C., Genter, A. & Bisset, A. (2008). Characterization of Fracture

Sausse, J., Dezayes, Ch., Dorbath, L., Genter, A. & Place, J. (2009). 3D Fracture Zone Network

Scott, S., Gunnarsson, I. & Stef, A. (2011). Gas Chemistry of the Hellisheiði Geothermal Field,

Rose, P., Scott Fayer, S., Susan Petty, S. & Bour, D. (2010). The In-situ Formation of Calcium

Tamanyu, S., Fujiwara, S., Ishikawa, J.I. & Jingu, H. (1998). Fracture System Related to

Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, 1998.

Model of the Larderello–Travale Geothermal System, Italy , *Geothermics*, Volume

C, Gautier, A. & Touzelet S. (2006). Tracer Testing of the Geothermal Heat Exchanger at Soultz-sous-Forêts (France) between 2000 and 2005, *Geothermics*, 35,

Field, California – The Lessons Learned, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford, California, January

*Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford,

to the characterization of deep seated EGS reservoir of Soultz (France), Proceedings European Geothermal Congress 2007, Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May–1 June

Connectivity and Fluid Flow Pathways Derived from Geological Interpretation and Modelling of the Deep Seated EGS Reservoir of Soultz (France), Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University,

at Soultz Based on Geological Data, Image Logs, Microseismic Events and VSP

SW-Iceland, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 31 - February 2,

as a diversion Agent for Use in Engineered Geothermal Systems, Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University,

Geothermal Reservoir Based on Core Samples of Slim Holes. Example from the Uenotai Geothermal Field, Northern Honshu, Japan, *Geothermics*, Volume 27, Issue

sous-Forêts Enhanced Geothermal System, *Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research*, 181, 106-114.


Ledésert, B., Hébert, R., Genter, A., Bartier, D., Clauer ,N. & Grall C. (2010) Fractures,

Li, K. & Zhang, L. (2008). Exceptional enhanced geothermal systems from oil and gas

Lund, J.W. (2007). Characteristics, Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources,

Magliocco, M., Kneafsey, T.J., Pruess, K. & Glaser, S. (2011) Laboratory Experimental Study

Minissale, A. (1991). The Larderello Geothermal Field: a Review, *Earth-Science Reviews*,

M.I.T (2006). The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Nami, P., Schellschmidt, R., Schindler, M. & Tischner, T. (2008) Chemical Stimulation

Petty, S., Bour, D., Nordin, Y., Nofziger, L. (2011) Fluid Diversion in an Open Hole Slotted

Plaksina, T., White, C., Nunn, J. & Gray, T. (2011). Effects of Coupled Convection and CO2

Portier, S., Vuataz, F.D., Nami, P., Sanjuan, B. & André Gérard, A. (2009). Chemical

Radilla, G., Sausse, J., Sanjuan, B. & Fourar, M. (2010). Tracer Tests in the Enhanced

ISBN: 0-615-13438-6, Available from http://geothermal.inel.gov.

System, *Comptes Rendus Géosciences*, 342 (2010) 607–615.

of Technology, Klamath Falls, Or, Available from

California, January 31 - February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191

California, January 31 - February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191

Stanford, California, January 31 - February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191

System at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, *Geothermics,* 38, 349–359

Stanford, California, February 1-3, 2010, SGP-TR-188

http://geoheat.oit.edu/pdf/tp126.pdf

Volume 31, Issue 2, Pages 133-151

*Research*, 181, 106-114.

185

185

sous-Forêts Enhanced Geothermal System, *Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal* 

Hydrothermal alterations and permeability in the Soultz Enhanced Geothermal

reservoirs, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering*, Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 28-30, 2008, SGP-TR-

*Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin*, Vol. 28, No. 2, Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute

of Heat Extraction from Porous Media by Means of CO2, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford,

(EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century, *Massachusetts Institute of Technology*,

Operations for Reservoir Development of the deep Crystalline HDR/EGS at Soultzsous-Forêts (France), *Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering*, Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 28-30, 2008, SGP-TR-

Liner – a First Step in Multiple Zone EGS stimulation, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford,

Injection in Stimulation of Geopressured Geothermal Reservoirs, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University,

Stimulation Techniques for Geothermal Wells: Experiments on the Three-well EGS

Geothermal System of Soultz-sous-Forêts. What Does the Stratified Medium Approach Tells us about the Fracture Permeability in the Reservoir ? *Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University,


**Part 6** 

**Fouling of Heat Exchangers** 


**Part 6** 

**Fouling of Heat Exchangers** 

504 Heat Exchangers – Basics Design Applications

Wyborn, D. (2011). Hydraulic Stimulation of the Habanero Enhanced Geothermal System

http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/OG/oilandgas/petroleumgeology/UnconventionalGas

Yanagisawa, N., Matsunaga, I., Ngothai, Y. & Wyborn, D. (2011) Geochemistry Change

Yasukawa, K. & Takasugi, S. (2003). Present Status of Underground Thermal Utilization in

Geodynamics Limited, available from

31 - February 2, 2011, SGP-TR-191

/Documents/2011Documents/D%20Wyborn.pdf

Japan, *Geothermics*, Volume 32, Issues 4-6, 609-618

(EGS), South Australia, 5th BC Unconventional Gas Technical Forum April 2011,

during Circulation Test of EGS Systems, *Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering,* Stanford University, Stanford, California, January

**19** 

S. N. Kazi

*Malaysia* 

*Faculty of Engineering,* 

*University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,* 

**Fouling and Fouling Mitigation** 

**on Heat Exchanger Surfaces** 

*Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering,* 

Heating or cooling of one medium by another medium is performed in a heat exchanger along with heat dissipation from surfaces of the equipment. In course of time during operation, the equipment receives deposition (Fouling) which retards heat exchanging capability of the equipment along with enhanced pressure loss and extended pumping power. Thus accumulation of undesired substances on a surface is defined as fouling. Occurrence of fouling is observed in natural as well as synthetic systems. In the present context undesired deposits on the heat exchanger surfaces are referred to fouling. With the development of fouling the heat exchanger may deteriorate to the extent that it must be

The overall design of heat exchanger may significantly be influenced by fouling, use of material, process parameters, and continuous service in the system or process stream are all deliberately influenced by fouling phenomena. Preventive measures of fouling are highly encouraged as it keeps the service of heat exchanger for a longer time. However many mitigation techniques of fouling are harsh to the environment. A technique involving chemicals and means benign to the environment is the most desired approach and it could elongate the cleaning interval. On the other hand unique and effective arrangements may be required to facilitate satisfactory performances between cleaning schedules. As a result fouling causes huge economic loss due to its impact on initial cost on heat exchanging operation, operating cost, mitigation measures and performance. The present study focused on fouling phenomena, fouling models, environment of fouling, consideration of heat

Fouling is the resultant effect of deposition and removal of deposits on a heat exchanger

*<sup>f</sup> d r*

*m m*

(2.1)

surface. The process of fouling could be represented by the equation (2.1).

*dm*

*dt*

**1. Introduction** 

**2. Fouling** 

withdrawn from service for cleaning or replacement.

exchanger fouling in design and mitigation of fouling.
