**Greek letters**


#### **Subscripts**



#### **5. References**

92 Heat Exchangers – Basics Design Applications

In this chapter, a newly developed self-heat recuperation technology, in which not only the latent heat but also the sensible heat of the process stream can be circulated without heat addition, and the theoretical analysis of this technology were introduced. Several industrial application case studies of the technology were then presented and compared with their conventional counterparts. Although these processes require the power to circulate the process self heat instead of fuel for the furnace heater, a large amount of the energy required can be eliminated. Furthermore, to integrate the proposed self-heat recuperative processes with power generation plants, some amount of the power required can be generated from surplus fuel and energy, leading to achievement to co-production of products and power. Finally, this self-heat recuperation technology is a very promising technology for

suppressing global warming and reducing the use of fossil fuels.

**3. Conclusion** 

**4. Nomenclature** 

*d* diameter (m)

*L* tube length (m)

*p* pressure (kPa)

*R* outer diameter (m)

*r* inner diameter (m) *q* heat transfer rate (W) *T* temperature (K)

density (kg m-3)

b boiling point c condensation crit critical g gas

**Greek letters** 

**Subscripts** 

*A* Surface area (m2)

*Ar* Archimedes number (dimensionless) *C* specific heat capacity (J kg-1 K-1)

*h* heat transfer coefficient (W m-2 K-1) *k* thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1)

*Nu* Nusselt number (dimensionless)

*Pr* Prandtl number (dimensionless)

*Re* Reynolds number (dimensionless)

*U* overall heat transfer (W m-2 K-1) *x* vapor quality (dimensionless)

heat transfer coefficient (W m-2 K-1)

void fraction (dimensionless)

thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1)


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**Development of High Efficiency Two-Phase** 

Ignacio Carvajal-Mariscal, Florencio Sanchez-Silva and Georgiy Polupan

Due to high fuel prices, it has become necessary to investigate new methods for saving and more efficient use of energy, emphasizing the use of energy remaining in the waste gases of combustion equipment. For this reason, in the last five decades there has been an important technological development in heat transfer equipment, to promote changes in configuration and applying heat transfer systems with high effectiveness. One example is the use of twophase thermosyphons (Azada et al., 1985; Faghri, 1995; Gershuni et al., 2004; Noie, 2005;

A two-phase thermosyphon is a device that is used for heat transfer; this process occurs inside it as a cycle of evaporation and condensation of a working fluid (Faghri, 1995; Peterson, 1994). This device is easily constructed, has no moving parts inside and works individually. The two-phase thermosyphon consists of: condensation, evaporation and adiabatic zones (Figure 1). Operation starts when heat is supplied to the evaporator zone, so a portion of the fluid evaporates, taking the latent heat of evaporation inside the tube up to the condenser section. In this last section, vapor condenses and transfers its latent heat of condensation to the surroundings. The condensate runs down as a film on the inner wall of

There have been conducted several investigations in the field of thermosyphon design and development. The authors of reference (Park et al., 2002) studied the heat transfer characteristics depending on the amount of working fluid and when the operation limits occur. The two-phase element was made of copper and as working fluid FC-72 (C14 F14) was used. The thermosyphon was subjected to a heat supply in the range of 50-600 W and with 10-70% load rate. For the convection coefficients in the condenser and in the evaporator, the authors used the theory of Nusselt and Roshenow respectively. They found that the operation limits manifest in different forms depending on the loading rate of the fluid. For small loading rates (Ψ = 10%) the drying limit occurs in the evaporator, while for high loading rates (Ψ = 50%) is the flooding limit that appears. In the first case, evaporator temperature increases from the evaporator bottom; in the second case the evaporator temperature increases at the top of the evaporator. These conclusions were made by observing the temperature distribution along the thermosyphon. Moreover, (Zuo & Faghri, 2002) conducted an analytical and experimental research on the thermodynamic behavior of the working fluid in a thermosyphon and a heat pipe, using a temperature-entropy diagram.

**1. Introduction** 

Peterson, 1994; Reay, 1981).

the tube with the aid of gravity.

**Thermosyphons for Heat Recovery** 

*National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico* 

*Mexico* 

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