**GREEN CHEMISTRY – ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN APPROACHES**

Edited by **Mazaahir Kidwai** and **Neeraj Kumar Mishra**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/1996 Edited by Mazaahir Kidwai and Neeraj Kumar Mishra

#### **Contributors**

Arkadiy Zhukov, Mona Hosseini-Sarvari, Nora Elizondo-Villarreal, Victor Coello-Cardenas, Jesus Arriaga-Garza, Paulina Segovia-Olvera, Sergio Belmares-Perales, Aracelia Alcorta-Garcia, Ernesto Torres-Lopez, Ricardo Obregon-Guerra, Francisco Paraguay, Francisco Hernandez, Lucas Pizzuti, Claudio M. P. Pereira, Márcia S. F. Franco, Alex F. C. Flores, Frank H. Quina, Hong Liu, Ricardo Menegatti, Jingbo Liu, Iliana E. Medina-Ramirez, Maribel Gonzalez-Garcia, Srinath Palakurthi, Dirk Develter, Peter Malaise

#### **© The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2012**

The moral rights of the and the author(s) have been asserted.

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Contents

**Preface VII** 

Chapter 2 **Green Chemistry –** 

Chapter 5 **Recent Advances in** 

Chapter 1 **Greenwashing and Cleaning 1** 

Ricardo Menegatti

Chapter 3 **Application of Nanometals** 

Develter Dirk and Malaise Peter

**Fabricated Using Green Synthesis in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 33**  Iliana Medina-Ramirez, Maribel Gonzalez-Garcia,

Chapter 4 **Electrochemically-Driven and Green Conversion** 

Hong Liu, Chuan Wang and Yuan Liu

Frank H. Quina and Claudio M.P. Pereira

Chapter 6 **Greener Solvent-Free Reactions on ZnO 103** 

Arkadiy Zhukov and Salavat Zaripov

**of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles 139**  Nora Elizondo, Paulina Segovia, Víctor Coello, Jesús Arriaga, Sergio Belmares, Aracelia Alcorta,

Francisco Hernández, Ricardo Obregón, Ernesto Torres and Francisco Paraguay

Chapter 8 **Green Synthesis and Characterizations** 

Mona Hosseini-Sarvari

Chapter 7 **New Green Oil-Field Agents 121** 

**of SO2 to NaHSO4 in Aqueous Solution 63** 

**the Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Azoles 81**  Lucas Pizzuti, Márcia S.F. Franco, Alex F.C. Flores,

Srinath Palakurthi and Jingbo Liu

**Aspects for the Knoevenagel Reaction 13** 

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First published in Croatia, 2012 by INTECH d.o.o. eBook (PDF) Published by IN TECH d.o.o. Place and year of publication of eBook (PDF): Rijeka, 2019. IntechOpen is the global imprint of IN TECH d.o.o. Printed in Croatia

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Green Chemistry - Environmentally Benign Approaches Edited by Mazaahir Kidwai and Neeraj Kumar Mishra p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0334-9 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-953-51-4980-4

## Contents

## **Preface VII**


Preface

of great concern in this regard.

methodologies.

The environmental legislation contained in the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 set the stage for green chemistry. Environmental concerns in research and industry are increasing with more and more pressure to reduce the number of pollutants produced. Green chemistry, environmentally benign chemistry and sustainable chemistry involve the design of chemical products and processes that eliminates the use and generation of hazardous substances. So, instead of limiting risk by controlling our exposure to hazardous chemicals, green chemistry attempts to reduce and preferentially eliminate the hazard thus negating the necessity to control exposure.

Green chemistry improves upon all types of chemical products and process by reducing impacts on human health and the environment relative to competing technologies. Green chemistry technology also can involve substituting an improved product or an entire synthetic pathway. Ideally, green chemistry technology incorporates the principles of green chemistry at the earliest design stages of a new product or process. It is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of the technology development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations. The role of bioinformatics and ethical issues are

Green chemistry is an international movement that needs champions, good examples and well-constructed arguments. It is important that chemists develop new green chemistry opinions. There has been a need for a book which provides an overview of the current status of chemistry for the implementation of clean, eco-friendly and less wasteful manufacturing methodology for the greener development. This book covers the latest developments in this growing field as well as some key areas. It is primarily aimed at researchers in industry or academia who are involved in developing greener

The book consists of eight in-depths chapters from eminent professors, scientists, chemists, researchers and engineers from educational institutions, research organizations and chemical industries, introducing a new emerging green face of multidimensional chemistry. The book addresses different topics in the field of green chemistry. Chapter 1 is concerned with green washing and cleaning; Chapter 2 gives

## Preface

The environmental legislation contained in the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 set the stage for green chemistry. Environmental concerns in research and industry are increasing with more and more pressure to reduce the number of pollutants produced. Green chemistry, environmentally benign chemistry and sustainable chemistry involve the design of chemical products and processes that eliminates the use and generation of hazardous substances. So, instead of limiting risk by controlling our exposure to hazardous chemicals, green chemistry attempts to reduce and preferentially eliminate the hazard thus negating the necessity to control exposure.

Green chemistry improves upon all types of chemical products and process by reducing impacts on human health and the environment relative to competing technologies. Green chemistry technology also can involve substituting an improved product or an entire synthetic pathway. Ideally, green chemistry technology incorporates the principles of green chemistry at the earliest design stages of a new product or process. It is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of the technology development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations. The role of bioinformatics and ethical issues are of great concern in this regard.

Green chemistry is an international movement that needs champions, good examples and well-constructed arguments. It is important that chemists develop new green chemistry opinions. There has been a need for a book which provides an overview of the current status of chemistry for the implementation of clean, eco-friendly and less wasteful manufacturing methodology for the greener development. This book covers the latest developments in this growing field as well as some key areas. It is primarily aimed at researchers in industry or academia who are involved in developing greener methodologies.

The book consists of eight in-depths chapters from eminent professors, scientists, chemists, researchers and engineers from educational institutions, research organizations and chemical industries, introducing a new emerging green face of multidimensional chemistry. The book addresses different topics in the field of green chemistry. Chapter 1 is concerned with green washing and cleaning; Chapter 2 gives

#### VIII Preface

an introduction to the overall aspects of Knoevenagel Reaction; Chapter 3 is concerned with the use of nanometals fabricated in cancer diagnosis; Chapter 4 addresses the formation of NaHSO4 by the green conversion of SO2 through electrochemical forces; and chapter 5 involves the synthesis of azoles with the replacement of traditional, environmentally unattractive methodologies by the utilization of ultrasonic process as source of energy.

Another key topic - greener solvent-free reactions on ZnO – is addressed in Chapter 6. The use of nano-ZnO as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions for organic reactions is referred as green reactions. Chapter 7 deals with the new green oil-field agents. Finally, this book covers a growing field of green chemistry in Chapter 8 which describes a number of greener techniques to synthesize and characterize the gold and silver nanoparticles.

It is clear that many industries and the research of many academics recognize the significance of green chemistry. However, more work remains to be done.

It was impossible to meet all our goals or cover all areas of green chemistry in this monograph. However, we believe that this book will provide both researchers and scientists with ideas for future developments in the field of green chemistry.

> **Professor M. Kidwai, Ph.D, FEnA** and **Dr. Neeraj Kumar Mishra, M.Sc., Ph.D**  Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

**1** 

**Greenwashing and Cleaning** 

The world population is rapidly growing: estimates tell us that from nearly seven billion actually, we're on our way to some eight to ten billion in 2050 (US Census Bureau, 2011). This ongoing growth generates a forever growing demand in products and services: raw materials, energy, transport and transformation capacity, waste disposal. Unfortunately, the backbone of all of these activities is mainly dependent of a single fossil source, crude oil and

the stock of reasonably accessible fossil matter is, after 180 years of industrial life, nearly

Parallel to this huge growth and rapid depletion there is a growing consciousness on hygiene and personal deployment in all countries worldwide, but mainly in developing

Basically, this complex growth is already transcending the capacity of the planet, making the largest part of the average economic activities *unsustainable*. Some market segments already suffer from it, metals e.g.: prices for ores and metals have rocketed the last couple of years and the market for recycled materials is on an all time high. For some of them we are quite close to a shortage. It won't stop there: with decreasing mineral and fossil sourcing capabilities, producers will be forced to turn to non-fossil, non-mineral, renewable sources,

These raw material sources are actually and nearly exclusively the providers of food, but they will inevitably suffer a strong competition from non-food production demand. We already saw the consequences of unplanned and unregulated behavior on the matter when, in 2007, there was a sudden huge demand in renewable raw materials for the production of biofuel, the "Food vs. Fuel" crisis, also called the "Tortilla Flap". Tortilla prices doubled for the already poor Mexican population, causing riots. The real causes were not even a raw material shortage, but mainly speculations in the globalised markets (Kaufman, 2010;

When one day, next to food, a large part of clothing, housing and utensils will forcedly have to be derived from plant and animal sources, there will not only be substantial shortages,

its derivatives. However, these have a double disadvantage:

depleted and cannot be replenished

crude oil is only present in geographically limited areas of the planet

ones. The need for products and services is still growing exponentially.

that means in the first place plant sources and to a lesser extent, animal sources.

Nelson, 2008; Western Organisation of Resource Councils, 2007).

**1. Introduction** 

Develter Dirk1 and Malaise Peter2

*1Ecover Coordination Center NV,* 

*2Meta Fellowship npo* 

*Belgium* 
