**10. References**

Angell C. A. (2004). "Amorphous water." Annu Rev Phys Chem 55: 559-83.



Thus, there is a disparity in experimental verification of the method between several groups

Beier A. F., Schulz J. C., Dörr D., Katsen-Globa A., Sachinidis A., Hescheler J.

Bernstein A. D. &Petropavlovski V. V. (1937). "[Influence of non-electrolytes on viability of spermatozoa]." *Buleten' Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Medicini (Rus.)* III(4225): 21-25. Blanco J. M., George Gee G., Wildt D. E. &Donoghue A. M. (2000). "Species Variation in

Butler S. &Pegg D. (2012). Precision in cryopreservation - equipment and control. In:

Chakraborty N., Chang A., Elmoazzen H., Menze M. A., Hand S. C. &Toner M. (2011). "A

Cipri K., Lopez E. &Naso V. (2010). "Investigation of the use of Pulse Tube in cell

Demirci U. &Montsesano G. (2007). "Cell encapsulating droplet vitrification." *Lab Chip* 7:

Devireddy R. &Thirumala S. (2011). "Preservation protocols for human adipose tissue-

Erokhin A. S., Shishova N. V. &Maksudov G. Y. (2007). "[A comparison of two diluents for

Fahy G. M., MacFarlane D. R., Angell C. A. &Meryman H. T. (1984). "Vitrification as an

Fahy G. M. &Rall W. F. (2007). Vitrification: an overview. In: *Vitrification in Assisted* 

Fahy G. M., Wowk B., R. P., Chang A., Phan J., Thomson B. &Phan L. (2009). "Physical and

Foote R. H. (2002). "The history of artificial insemination: Selected notes and notables." J

Gilmore J. A., Liu J., Gao D. Y. &Critser J. K. (1997). "Determination of optimal

the cryopreservation of ejaculated spermatozoa in spectacled bear (*Tremarctos* 

*Reproduction: A User's Manual and Troubleshooting Guide*. Eds:M. J. Tucker and J.

cryoprotectants and procedures for their addition and removal from human

&Zimmermann H. (2011). "Effective surface-based cryopreservation of human

Osmotic, Cryoprotectant, and Cooling Rate Tolerance in Poultry, Eagle, and

*Cryopreservation / Book 1 (ISBN 979-953-307-300-1)*. Eds:I. I. Katkov, InTech. 1: *in press*.

Spin-Drying Technique for Lyopreservation of Mammalian Cells." Ann Biomed

that have been contributed to this Chapter, which we feel should be clarified.

Angell C. A. (2004). "Amorphous water." Annu Rev Phys Chem 55: 559-83.

embryonic stem cells by vitrification." *Cryobiology* 63: 175-85.

Peregrine Falcon Spermatozoa." *Biol Reprod* 63,: 1164–1171.

cryopreservation systems." *Cryobiology* 61: 225-30.

derived adult stem cells." Methods Mol Biol 702: 369-394.

approach to cryopreservation." *Cryobiology* 21(4): 407-26.

Liebermann. London, UK, Infroma Healthcare. Ch.1A: 1-20.

Anim Sci 80(E-Suppl. 2): E1-E10.

spermatozoa." *Hum Reprod* 12(1): 112-8.

biological aspects of renal vitrification." Organogenesis 5(165-175).

*ornatus*)]." [Reproduction in Domestic Animals] Rus. 42: 95-96.

proteins do not help slow freezing.

was pre-cooled at all.

Eng 39: 1582-1591.

1428-1433.

**10. References** 

possibility of kinetic VF of sperm) that had been recognized for many year prior to that publication in 2003. Note that the authors confused vitrificants with CPAs: intracellular


Kinetic Vitrification of Spermatozoa of Vertebrates: What Can We Learn from Nature? 37

Maksudov G. Y., Shishova N. V. &Katkov I. I. (2009). Ch. 8, In the Cycle of Life:

Martin-Ibanez R., Stromberg A. M., Hovatta O. &Canals J. M. (2009). "Cryopreservation of

Martin-Ibanez R. (2012). Cryopreservation of human pluripotent stem cells: are we going in

Mazur P. (1963). "Kinetics of Water Loss from Cells at Subzero Temperatures and the

Mazur P. (1970). "Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems." Science 168(934):

Mazur P., Leibo S. P. &Chu E. H. Y. (1972). "2-factor hypothesis of freezing injury - evidence from chinese-hamster tissue-culture cell." *Experimental Cell Res.* 71: 345-349. Mazur P. (1984). "Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications." *Am J Physiol* 247(3

Mazur P., Katkov I. I., Katkova N. &Critser J. K. (2000). "The enhancement of the ability of

Mazur P. &Koshimoto C. (2002). "Is intracellular ice formation the cause of death of mouse

Mazur P., Leibo S. P. &Siedel G. E. (2008). "Cryopreservation of the germplasm of animals

Mazur P. &Seki S. (2011). "Survival of mouse oocytes after being cooled in a vitrification

Merino O., Sanchez R., Risopatron J., Isachenko E., Katkov I. I., Figueroa E., Valdebenito I.,

Mollamohammadi S., Taei A., Pakzad M., Totonchi M., Seifinejad A., Masoudi N.

(*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) spermatozoa: first report." *Andrologia*: *in press*. Milovanov V. K. (1962). [Reproductive Biology and Artificial Insemination of Animals] Rus.

new paradigm for cryopreservation by vitrification." *Cryobiology* 62: 1-7. Merino O., Risopatron J., Sanchez R., Isachenko E., Figueroa E., Valdebenito I. &Isachenko

mouse sperm to survive freezing and thawing by the use of high concentrations of glycerol and the presence of an Escherichia coli membrane preparation (Oxyrase) to

used in biological and medical research: Importance, impact, status, and future

solution to -196°C at 95° to 70,000°C/min and warmed at 610° to 118,000°C/min: A

V. (2011a). "Fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa cryoprotectant-free vitrification: stability of mitochondrion as criterion of effectiveness." Anim Reprod

Mallmann P. &Isachenko V. (2011b). "Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of fish

&Baharvand H. (2009). "A simple and efficient cryopreservation method for feederfree dissociated human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem

Likelihood of Intracellular Freezing." *J Gen Physiol* 47: 347-69.

lower the oxygen concentration." Cryobiology 40(3): 187-209.

sperm frozen at high cooling rates?" *Biol Reprod* 66(5): 1485-90.

Protoc Stem Cell Biol Chapter 1: Unit 1C 8.

Katkov, InTech. 1: *in press*.

directions." *Biol Reprod* 78: 2-12.

Sci 124(1-2): 125-31.

Moscow, Nauka.

cells." Hum Reprod.

189-240.

939-49.

Pt 1): C125-42.

Cryopreservation of Post-Mortem Sperm as a Valuable Source in Restoration of Rare and Endangered Species. In: Endangered Species: New Research. Eds:A. M. Columbus and L. Kuznetsov. Hauppauge, NY, NOVA Science Publishers:

dissociated human embryonic stem cells in the presence of ROCK inhibitor." Curr

the right direction? In: *Cryopreservation / Book 1 (ISBN 979-953-307-300-1)*. Eds:I. I.


Jiao A., Han X., Critser J. K. &Ma H. (2006). "Numerical investigations of transient heat

Jiao A. J., Ma H. B. &Critser J. K. (2009). "Experimental investigation of cryogenic oscillating

Katkov I. I., Katkova N., Critser J. K. &Mazur P. (1998). "Mouse spermatozoa in high

Katkov I. I., Isachenko E., Isachenko V. &Nawroth F. (2003). "Why can we vitrify

Katkov I. I. &Levine F. (2004). "Prediction of the glass transition temperature of water

Katkov I. I., Isachenko V., Isachenko E., Kim M. S., Lulat A. G.-M. I., Mackay A. M. &Levine

Katkov I. I., Isachenko V. &Isachenko E. (2007). Vitrification in Small Quenched

Katkov I. I. (2008). High temperature stabilization by drying and storage at ambient

Katkov I. I. (2010). "Race for the pace: is the universal cryoprotocol a dream or reality?"

Katkov I. I., Kan N. G., Cimadamore F., Nelson B., Snyder E. Y. &Terskikh A. V. (2011).

Koshimoto C., Gamliel E. &Mazur P. (2000). "Effect of osmolality and oxygen tension on the

Li X., Krawetz R., Liu S., Meng G. &Rancourt D. E. (2008). "ROCK inhibitor improves

Lovelock J. E. (1953). "The mechanism of the protective action of glycerol against haemolysis

Luyet B. &Hodapp A. (1938). "Revival of frog's spermatozoa vitrified in liquid air." *Proc Meet* 

Luyet B. E. (1937). "The vitrification of organic colloids and of protoplasm." *Biodynamica* 1:

of glycerol and raffinose." *Cryobiology* 41(3): 204-31.

by freezing and thawing." *Biochim Biophys Acta* 11(1): 28-36.

solutions: comparison of different models." *Cryobiology* 49(1): 62-82.

heat pipes." Int J Heat Mass Transf 52(15-16): 3504-3509.

reduced oxygen concentrations." *Cryobiology* 37(4): 325-38.

processes." Cryobiology 52(3): 386-92.

considerations." *Cryobiology* 47: 267.

346-57.

Russia.

981606.

Hum Reprod.

1-14.

*Soc Exp Biol* 39: 433-434.

Healthcare: 21-32.

Cryobiology 61: 374-375.

transfer characteristics and vitrification tendencies in ultra-fast cell cooling

concentrations of glycerol: chemical toxicity vs osmotic shock at normal and

mammalian spermatozoa without cryoprotectants? Physicochemical

F. (2006). "Low- and high- temperature vitrification as a new approach to biostabilization of reproductive and progenitor cells." *Int J Refrigeration* 29(3):

Volumes with a Little Amount of or without Vitrificants: Biophysics and Thermodynamics. In: *Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction: A User's Manual and Troubleshooting Guide*. Eds:M. J. Tucker and J. Liebermann. London, UK, Infroma

temperatures as the emerging alternative to transgenic animal sperm cryobanking. Int-l Kirpichnkov's Conf. *"Genetics, Selection, and Breeding of Fish"*, Saint-Petersburg,

"DMSO-free programmed cryopreservation of fully dissociated and adherent human induced pluripotent stem cells. 2011:981606.." *Stem Cells International* 2011:

survival of mouse sperm frozen to various temperatures in various concentrations

survival of cryopreserved serum/feeder-free single human embryonic stem cells."


Kinetic Vitrification of Spermatozoa of Vertebrates: What Can We Learn from Nature? 39

Sherman J. K. (1963). "Questionable protection by intracellular glycerol during freezing and

Sherman J. K. (1964). "Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Protective Agent During Freezing and Thawing of Human Spermatozoa." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 117: 261-4. Smirnov I. V. (1949). "Preservation of domestic animal semen by deep cooling." *Sovetskaja* 

Stubban C., Wesselschmidt R. L., Loring J. F. &Katkov I. I. (2007). Cryopreservation of

Suzuki H. (2006). "Freeze-dried Spermatozoa and Freeze-dried Sperm Injection into

Tada N., Sato M., Yamanoi J., Mizorogi T., Kasai K. &Ogawa S. (1990). "Cryopreservation of

Tucker M. J. &Liebermann J., Eds. (2007). *Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction: A User's Manual and Troubleshooting Guide*. London, UK, Infroma Healthcare. Wagh V., Meganathan K., Jagtap S., Gaspar J. A., Winkler J., Spitkovsky D., Hescheler J. &

Ware C. B. &Baran S. W. (2007). "A controlled-cooling protocol for cryopreservation of

Whittingham D. G., Leibo S. P. &Mazur P. (1972). "Survival of mouse embryos frozen to -196

Wilmut I. (1972). "The effect of cooling rate, warming rate, cryoprotective agent and stage of

Yokoyama M., Akiba H., Katsuki M. &Nomura T. (1990). "Production of normal young

Zhai H. & Salomon D. (2011). "Low Temperature Property Evaluation and Fragility of

development on survival of mouse embryos during freezing and thawing." Life Sci

following transfer of mouse embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization using

Asphalt Binders Using Non-Arrhenius Viscosity Temperature Dependency." http://www.technopave.com/publications/Fragility-of-Asphalt-Non-Arrhenius-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-First\_Century\_Medicine.

degrees and -269 degrees C." Science 178(59): 411-4.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danila\_Medvedev.

cryopreserved spermatozoa." Exp. Anim 39: 125–138.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KrioRus.

human embryonic stem cells. In: *Human Stem Cell Manual. A Laboratory Guide*. Eds:J. F. Loring, R. L. Wesselschmidt and P. H. Schwartz. London, Elsevier:

mouse spermatozoa in the presence of raffinose and glycerol." J Reprod. Fertil 89:

Sachinidis A. (2011). "Effects of cryopreservation on the transcriptome of human embryonic stem cells after thawing and culturing." Stem Cell Rev 7:

human and non-human primate embryonic stem cells." Methods Mol Biol 407:

thawing." J Cell Comp Physiol 61: 67-83.

Oocytes." J Mamm Ova Res(23): 91-95.

Spallanzani L. (1780). "Dissertazioni di fisica animale e vegetale." *Modano*. Stiles W. (1930). "On the cause of cold death of plants." *Protoplasma* 9: 459-468.

*Zootechnia* (Rus.). 4: 63-65.

47-55.

511–516.

506-517.

43-9.

Wikipedia (2011b). "KrioRus."

Wikipedia (2011a). "21st Century Medicine."

Wikipedia (2011c). "Danila Medvedev."

Viscosity.pdf 05-0971.

II 22: 1071-1079.

	- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-First\_Century\_Medicine.

Morris G. J. (2006). "Rapidly cooled human sperm: no evidence of intracellular ice

Moskovtsev S. I., Lulat A. G. &Librach C. L. (2012). Cryopreservation of Human

Nawroth F., Isachenko V., Dessole S., Rahimi G., Farina M., Vargiu N., Mallmann P.,

Park S. P., Lee Y. J., Lee K. S., Ah Shin H., Cho H. Y., Chung K. S., Kim E. Y. &Lim J. H.

Perloff W. H., Steinberger E. &Sherman J. K. (1964). "Conception with Human Spermatozoa

Polge C., Smith A. U. &Parkes A. S. (1949). "Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and

Pouplin M., Redl A. &Gontard N. (1999). "Glass transition of wheat gluten plasticized with

Rall W. F. &Fahy G. M. (1985). "Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196 degrees

Reubinoff B. E., Pera M. F., Vajta G. &Trounson A. O. (2001). "Effective cryopreservation of

Rezazadeh V. M., Eftekhari-Yazdi P., Karimian L., Hassani F. &Movaghar B. (2009).

Risco R., Elmoazzen H., Doughty M., He X. &Toner M. (2007). "Thermal performance of

Sanchez R., Risopatron J., Schulz M., Villegas J., Isachenko V., Kreinberg R. &Isachenko E.

Saragusty J. &Arav A. (2011). "Current progress in oocyte and embryo cryopreservation by

Saragusty J. (2012). Genome Banking for Vertebrates Wildlife Conservation. In:

Schaffner C. S. (1942). "Longevity of fowl spermatozoa in frozen condition." *Science* 96: 337.

human embryonic stem cells by the open pulled straw vitrification method." Hum

"Vitrification versus slow freezing gives excellent survival, post warming embryo morphology and pregnancy outcomes for human cleaved embryos." J Assist

(2011). "Canine sperm vitrification with sucrose: effect on sperm function."

*Cryopreservation / Book 1 (ISBN 979-953-307-300-1)*. Eds:I. I. Katkov, InTech. 1:

blastocysts using STO cell feeder layers." Hum Reprod 19(3): 676-84. Parkes A. S. (1945). "Preservation of human spermatozoa at low temperatures." *Br Med J* 2:

Frozen by Nitrogen Vapor Technic." Fertil Steril 15: 501-4.

water, glycerol, or sorbitol." J Agric Food Chem 47(2): 538-43.

quartz capillaries for vitrification." *Cryobiology* 55: 222-229.

slow freezing and vitrification." *Reproduction* 141: 1-19.

dehydration at low temperatures." *Nature* 164: 666-676.

C by vitrification." *Nature* 313(6003): 573-5.

human spermatozoa without cryoprotectants." *CryoLetters* 23(2): 93-102. Okuyama M., Isogai S., Saga M., Hamada H. &Ogawa S. (1990). "In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Spermatozoa by Vitrification vs. Slow Freezing: Canadian Experience. In: *Cryopreservation / Book 1 (ISBN 979-953-307-300-1)*. Eds:I. I. Katkov, inTech. 1:

Dattena M., Capobianco G., Peters D., Orth I. &Isachenko E. (2002). "Vitrification of

and artificial insemination (AI) by cryopreserved spermatozoa in mouse." *J Fertil* 

(2004). "Establishment of human embryonic stem cell lines from frozen-thawed

formation." *Human Reprod.* 21(8): 2075-83.

Chapter 3 (in press).

*Implant (Tokyo)* 7: 116-119.

Reprod 16(10): 2187-94.

Reprod Genet 26: 347-354.

*Andrologia*.

*in press*.

212-213.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KrioRus.

Wikipedia (2011c). "Danila Medvedev."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danila\_Medvedev.


**Vitrification Technique – New Possibilities** 

**for Male Gamete Low-Temperature Storage** 

According to the recent scientific achievements in cryobiology at present the vitrification



Cryobiology is a rapidly evolving field which only relatively recently has found broad applications in reproductive medicine. However, as any emerging technology, it has both a

According to worldwide experience, successful cryopreservation of spermatozoa from different kind of animal including human for long-term storage (cryobanking of genome) or relatively short-term storage (artificial insemination) in conjunction with assisted reproductive technologies allows to promote long-term cryopreservation programmes. The use of programmable or non-programmable "slow" (conventional) freezing (McLaughlin et al., 1990; Yin and Seibel, 1999; Stanic et al., 2000) allows to preserve relatively large volume of diluted ejaculate or prepared spermatozoa from 0.25 to 1.0 mL with good rates of motility after thawing (Sawetawan et al., 1993; larson et al, 1997) and acceptable levels of integrity of acrosomal and cytoplasmic membranes, in other words with sufficiently high quality postthaw characteristics (Hammadeh et al., 1999; Duru et al., 2001; Meseguer et al., 2004; Isachenko et al., 2003, 2008). It does also provide acceptable protection against membrane changes and destabilization induced by cryopreservation (Glander and Schaller, 2000; Schuffner et al, 2001).

great potential and a need for further developments (Petrunkina, 2007).

**1. Introduction** 

**What is the reason?** 

DNA damage.

Because:

belong to perspective technologies.


flexibility in a glassy phase.

E. Isachenko, P. Mallmann, G. Rahimi, J. Risopatròn,

M. Schulz, V. Isachenko and R. Sànchez

*Woman Hospital, University of Cologne* 

*Germany* 

Zhou C. Q., Mai Q. Y., Li T. &Zhuang G. L. (2004). "Cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells by vitrification." Chin Med J (Engl) 117(7): 1050-5. **2** 
