**5.3 Non-anonymous sperm donors**

Some donors and recipients choose to arrange donations privately and the donor in this case is known to the recipient(s). The donor may be a family member such as a brother or father or a friend. Most of these donations are done altruistically and acceptable only if all parties are in agreement. All participants involved in the donation process are generally required to attend a separate and a joint counselling session. An initial counselling interview with the donor and his spouse or partner (if applicable) is arranged to discuss the personal, social and legal aspects of donation. The known donor has to meet all requirements to be accepted for donation and undergo the same screening tests and laboratory evaluation as an anonymous donor, including 180 days quarantine for his frozen sample. Proper consent and declaration forms are required to be signed by known semen donor. Furthermore, a child conceived using donated semen is legally deemed to be the child of the recipient(s), and the donor has no legal rights or responsibilities regarding the child. Usually the donor may at any time prior to the use of his semen, vary or revoke his consents. Most clinics require a legal contract with all parties having received independent legal advice. As the use of the third party reproduction such as sperm and egg donation becomes more acceptable in many countries the ethical and legal aspects of these procedures become increasingly important. Issues of the donor's anonymity, financial compensation, religion and cultural acceptance, regulation of donor and prospective parent screening, as well as consideration of the welfare of children conceived with the use of donor sperm are widely discussed in the scientific literature and public media. While guidelines on the use of donated sperm come from

There is some consensus that there should be limits on the number of offspring allowed from a given sperm donor. This is driven by possibility of accidental consanguinity between children from the same sperm donor. For example ASRM recommends a limit of 25 children per population of 800 000 for a single donor, but there are no federal or state laws limiting the number of sperm donation by a donor. In UK the number is limited to 10 different families, but does not apply if a genetically related sibling for an existing child is desired. Some countries limit the number of children to 4 in New Zealand; 5 in China; and 5 to 10 in

Recently, open-identity sperm donors have become available through many sperm banks. These donors have agreed to at least a single contact with any children born through use of their sperm, usually when the child reaches the age of consent (18 years old in most jurisdictions), for those individuals who wish to contact them (Gottlieb et al., 2000; Frith et al., 2007). In some cases audio interviews and pictures are available from these donors.

Two types of anonymous donor samples are usually available through sperm banks, prewashed or unwashed: Prewashed samples are obtained by processing the ejaculate by density gradient centrifugation for seminal fluid removal prior to freezing and can be directly inseminated into the uterine cavity after thawing (Larson et al. 1997). These samples are favoured by doctors' offices without access to an Andrology laboratory for post thaw processing. For processing unwashed samples, density gradient isolation is required to remove contaminants and CPAs after thawing the specimen prior to intrauterine insemination or for IVF. The removal of CPAs has to be performed step-by-step and gradually to minimize osmotic stress on spermatozoa. Drop-wise dilution of the sample

Some donors and recipients choose to arrange donations privately and the donor in this case is known to the recipient(s). The donor may be a family member such as a brother or father or a friend. Most of these donations are done altruistically and acceptable only if all parties are in agreement. All participants involved in the donation process are generally required to attend a separate and a joint counselling session. An initial counselling interview with the donor and his spouse or partner (if applicable) is arranged to discuss the personal, social and legal aspects of donation. The known donor has to meet all requirements to be accepted for donation and undergo the same screening tests and laboratory evaluation as an anonymous donor, including 180 days quarantine for his frozen sample. Proper consent and declaration forms are required to be signed by known semen donor. Furthermore, a child conceived using donated semen is legally deemed to be the child of the recipient(s), and the donor has no legal rights or responsibilities regarding the child. Usually the donor may at any time prior to the use of his semen, vary or revoke his consents. Most clinics require a legal contract with all parties having received independent legal advice. As the use of the third party reproduction such as sperm and egg donation becomes more acceptable in many countries the ethical and legal aspects of these procedures become increasingly important. Issues of the donor's anonymity, financial compensation, religion and cultural acceptance, regulation of donor and prospective parent screening, as well as consideration of the welfare of children conceived with the use of donor sperm are widely discussed in the scientific literature and public media. While guidelines on the use of donated sperm come from

with 1:10 sample to sperm wash medium ratio is recommended (Mortimer, 2004).

**5.3 Non-anonymous sperm donors** 

Australia depending on the region; 25 in the Netherlands (Gong et al., 2009).

government or professional organizations, they may also be influenced by religious institutions and they vary widely from country to country (Gong, 2009).
