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**1. Introduction** 

**2. Petroleum biomarkers** 

petroleum.

**9** 

*Egypt* 

**Biomarkers** 

Yasser M. Moustafa and Rania E. Morsi

Generally, biomarkers are naturally occurring, ubiquitous and stable complexes that are objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of a certain state. It is used in many scientific fields; medicine, cell biology, exposure assessment, astrobiology, geology and

Biomarkers "biological markers" in medicine are complex compounds that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. Biomarkers have been defined also as cellular, biochemical or molecular alterations that are measurable in biological media such as human tissues, cells or fluids (Hulka et al., 1990). Broader definitions include biological characteristics that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal or abnormal biological processes, pathogenic processes

Biomarkers can also reflect the entire spectrum of disease from the earliest manifestations to the terminal stages. Characterization of the healthy and diseased cells, when identifying a specific biomarker as an indicator of cancer, is a needed research strategy for validating biomarkers. For the nervous system, as an example, there is a wide range of techniques used to gain information about the brain in both the healthy and diseased state. These may involve measurements directly on biological media (e.g. blood or cerebrospinal fluid) or measurements such as brain imaging which do not involve direct sampling of biological media but measure changes in the composition or function of the nervous system (Mayeux , 2004). Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry is beginning to rely on biomarkers

information and their importance to the future of drug discovery and development.

In practice, biomarkers science includes tools and technologies that can aid in understanding the prediction, cause, diagnosis, progression, regression, and/or the outcome of disease treatment which provide a dynamic and powerful approach to understand the spectrum markers and offer the means for homogeneous classification of a disease and risk factors which can extend the base information about the underlying pathogenesis of disease.

Due to the variety of geological conditions and ages under which oil was formed, every crude oil exhibits a unique biomarker fingerprint. Crude oils compositions vary widely depending on the oil sources, the thermal regime during oil generation, the geological migration and the reservoir conditions. Crude oils can have large differences in:

or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention (Naylor, 2003).

*Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute,* 

