Preface

Chromatography is a powerful separation tool that is used in all branches of science, and is often the only means of separating components from complex mixtures. The Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett coined the term chromatography in 1906. The first analytical use of chromatography was described by James and Martin in 1952, for the use of gas chromatography for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures.

A wide range of chromatographic procedures makes use of differences in size, binding affinities, charge, and other properties. Many types of chromatography have been developed. These include Column chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Gas chromatography, Size exclusion chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography etc.

In this book contains more details about the applications of chromatography by various research findings. Each and every topics of this book have included lists of references at the end to provide students and researchers with starting points for independent chromatography explorations. I welcome comments, criticisms, and suggestions from students, faculty and researchers.

> **Dr. D. Sasikumar** Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

**1** 

 *China* 

**Column Liquid Chromatography** 

*State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion,* 

*Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan,* 

 *Institute of Coal Chemistry,* 

Changming Zhang, Zhanggen Huang and Xiaohang Zhang

In the processing of coal and petroleum, there are many products produced such as gas and lighter liquid which is easy to use. At the same time, there is heavy material produced which is difficult to use. Such as, in crude oil refine processing, oil thermal cracking and catalytic cracking of petroleum, many residua oils, asphalts, and heaviest "waste" residual will be produced. The quantity of heavy oils is often large. So, it is important to study the

The column liquid chromatography (CLC) is an important and indispensable analysis method to study heavy oils. It is not only a separation means, but is also analysis means,

Hydrocarbon group type analysis means the determination of the following classes of

2. Aromatic compounds, (containing at least one benzene ring). Their molecules containing one benzene ring are classified as mono-aromatics, those with two aromatic

3. Resins, including polar substances containing elements other than C and H in the

4. Asphaltenes, including polar substances and asphaltenes only soluble in one or two polar solvents such as quinoline , which have large molecular weight and high aromatic

Now analysis methods existed have some deficiencies. Such as GC method can not be used to analyze compounds having high boiling point. The application of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to hydrocarbon group-type analysis is characteristic with its high efficiency, high speed, and high sensitivity. But HPLC is only suitable for analysis of

TLC-FID [2-3] method can be also used to analysis the THF-soluble party in asphalt-samples and show great advantages. But, the components were combusted during TLC-FID analysis

1. Saturated compounds, including paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons.

molecule (nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen in particular)

**1. Introduction** 

property of heavy oils.

compounds:

especially for analysis of hydrocarbon group type.

rings as di-aromatics, etc.

substances soluble in *n*-pentane [1].

ring number.
