**4.5 Clinical results of stem cell therapy**

Few human trials have been conducted using autologous derived stem cells in the treatment of female SUI, which mainly involved the use of MDSCs. Stem cell therapy, shows an early encouraging results and these results suggest the ability of pure cellular therapy to treat female SUI (Table 8).

Strasser et al. conducted the first clinical experiments in women with SUI. 42 women suffering from SUI were recruited and subsequently treated with transurethral ultrasonography- guided injections of autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts obtained from skeletal muscle biopsies. After a follow-up of 12 months incontinence was cured in 39 women **(Strasser et al, 2007a)**. In another trial 42 women were randomly assigned to receive transurethral ultrasonography guided injections of autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts, at 12-months' follow-up, 38 of the 42 women injected with autologous cells were completely continent **(Strasser et al, 2007b).** Mitterbarger et al. studied 20 female patients suffering from SUI after TUUS guidance injection of autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts. At 1 year follow-up 18 patients were cured and 2 patients improved. At 2 years after therapy 16 of the

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18 patients presented as cured, 2 others were improved, and 2 were lost to follow-up **(Mitterbarger et al, 2008a)**. Other studies have been reported early good results for stem cell injection in female with SUI **(Carr et al, 2008; Herschorn et al, 2010).**

Not only stem cell injection therapy is limited to the field of female SUI, however its usage has been extended to treat males with post-prostatectomy incontinence **(Mitterbarger et al, 2008b; Yamamoto et al, 2010).**


Table 8. Results of the first clinical studies have recently become available**.**

In general, stem cell injection therapy into the middle urethra may restore the contractile response of the striated muscle and rhabdosphincter. Early results were encouraging with no reported serious side effects. Autologous MDSCs and ADSC pure injection therapy may be a promising treatment to restore urethral sphincter function. These promising early clinical results warrant further evaluation to validate results, determine durability and focus on safety and possible adverse reactions.
