Ratio of quadriceps strength (measured in kg of force) to leg lean mass.

depressive symptoms.

**Crude Age adjusted Multivariable** 

**Prevalence Ratio (95 % CI)** 

**adjusted\***

Sources: M Muscaritoli, S.D Anker, J. Argiles *et al*. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and prechaexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". Clinical Nutrition; 2010 (29): 154 – 159 and Doherty T. Aging and Sarcopenia. J. Appl Physiol. 2003 (95): 1717-1727 and Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Topinkova E *et al*. Understanding sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2010; 13: 1-7

Fig. 2. Factors contributing to sarcopenia and its consequences

Fig. 3. Sarcopenia leading to disability following the Nagi Model of Disablement

Recent cross sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that loss of muscle mass and/or strength increase the risk of poor physical function among older people (A B. Newman, et al. 2003; I Janssen 2006; MJ. Delmonico, et al. 2007). However, due to the various operational definitions used, the relationship between age-related muscle mass and poor physical function has not been consistent. A recent study by Hairi *et al.* showed that in older men, low muscle strength, low muscle mass and low muscle quality (specific forces) are associated with physical disability in basic Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)(Hairi NN 2010) (Table 3).

Sources: M Muscaritoli, S.D Anker, J. Argiles *et al*. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and prechaexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". Clinical Nutrition; 2010 (29): 154 – 159 and Doherty T. Aging and Sarcopenia. J. Appl Physiol. 2003 (95): 1717-1727 and Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Topinkova E *et al*. Understanding sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and

Fig. 2. Factors contributing to sarcopenia and its consequences

Fig. 3. Sarcopenia leading to disability following the Nagi Model of Disablement

physical disability in basic Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)(Hairi NN 2010) (Table 3).

Recent cross sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that loss of muscle mass and/or strength increase the risk of poor physical function among older people (A B. Newman, et al. 2003; I Janssen 2006; MJ. Delmonico, et al. 2007). However, due to the various operational definitions used, the relationship between age-related muscle mass and poor physical function has not been consistent. A recent study by Hairi *et al.* showed that in older men, low muscle strength, low muscle mass and low muscle quality (specific forces) are associated with

Metabolic Care. 2010; 13: 1-7


\*Adjusted for country of birth, age group, education level, PASE score, co-morbidity, stroke, arthritis, depressive symptoms.

+Additionally adjusted for obesity.

≠Additionally adjusted for height.

§ Additionally adjusted for pain.

ǁ Ratio of grip strength (measured in kg of force) to arm lean mass
