**3.2.2 Multi-layer deposition**

154 Electrochemical Cells – New Advances in Fundamental Researches and Applications

Fig. 9. (a) SEM image of the film obtained from ethanol and 2-methoxy, 1-propanol on the substrate at 350 °C after heat treatment at 700 °C for 2 hours; (b) magnification of (a).

**(a) (b)**

**(a) (b)**

**(a) (b)**

Cracks

Small cracks

film and show that the use of this solvent alone is not enough for complete densification of

Fig. 10. (a) SEM image of the film obtained from ethanol and diethylene glycol monobutyl

Fig. 11. (a) SEM image of the film obtained from ethanol and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether on the substrate at 350 °C, after heat treatment at 700 °C for 2 hours; (b) magnification of (a).

ether on the substrate at 350 °C, without heat treatment; (b) magnification of (a).

the deposited layer.

From the results obtained in depositions with different solvents, the solution (ethanol and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether) was chosen to use in the protocol of multi-layer depositions with intermediate heat treatment.

Figure 12 shows the film after the first layer deposition, where the surface is completely covered. After heat treatment (Figure 12b) there is a homogenization of the surface morphology, however, this homogenization is accompanied by the appearance of some discontinuities distributed throughout the film.

Fig. 12. SEM images of the film obtained from intermittent deposition at substrate temperature of 350 °C: (a) after the first deposition; (b) after the first heat treatment at 700 °C for 2 hours.

Fig. 13. SEM images of the film obtained from intermittent deposition at substrate temperature of 350 °C: (a) after the second deposition; (b) after the second heat treatment at 700 °C for 2 hours.

Fuel Cell: A Review and a New Approach

**5. Acknowledgments** 

**6. References** 

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After the second layer deposition, the film covered most of these irregularities, achieving the aimed goal of the intermediate deposition protocol. However, the second and first layer overlapping, led to the formation of an even more irregular layer, both before (Figure 13a) and after heat treatment (Figure 13b).

The same behavior was observed after the last deposition. This layer apparently had some leveling effect on the film, slightly reducing the surface irregularities (Figure 14a). There were no significant morphological changes after the final heat treatment (Figure 14b). For the protocol of multi-layer depositions, with intermediate heat treatment, a crack-free film was obtained, but the surface presented a roughness increase.

Fig. 14. SEM images of the film obtained from intermittent deposition at substrate temperature of 350 °C: (a) after the final deposition; (b) after the final heat treatment at 700 °C for 2 hours.
