**Part 3**

**Glass Ceramics / Composites** 

224 Sintering of Ceramics – New Emerging Techniques

McLaren EA and Cao PT. Ceramics in Dentistry—Part I: Classes of Materials. Inside

Papanagiotou HP, Morgano SM, Giordano RA, et al. In vitro evaluation of low-temperature

Piwowarczyk A, Ottl P, Lauer HC, et al. A clinical report and overview of scientific studies

Russell Giordano and Edward A. McLaren. Ceramics Overview: Classification by

Sailer I, Feher A, Filser F, et al. Five year clinical results of zirconia frameworks for posterior

Scotti R, Catapano S, D'Elia A. A clinical evaluation of In-Ceram crowns. Int J Prosthodont.

Seghi RR, Daher T, Caputo A. Relative flexural strength of dental restorative ceramics. Dent

Stappert CF, Guess PC, Chitmongkolsuk S, et al. All-ceramic partial coverage restorations

Sukumaran VG and Narasimha Bharadwaj. Ceramics in Dental Applications. Trends

Wagner J, Hiller KA, Schmalz G. Long-term clinical performance and longevity of gold alloy

on natural molars. Masticatory fatigue loading and fracture resistance. Am J Dent.

fixed partial dentures. Int J Prosthodont. 2007;20(4):383-388.

vs ceramic partial crowns. Clin Oral Investig. 2003;7(2):80-85.

stability of Y-TZP dental ceramics. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96(3):154-164. Peter W. PichC, William J, O Brien,, Carole L. Groh, and Kenneth M. Boenke. Leucite content

Proebster L. Survival rate of In-Ceram restorations. Int J Prosthodont. 1993;6(3):259-263. Raigrodski AJ, Chiche GJ, Potiket N, et al. The efficacy of posterior three-unit zirconium-

aging effects and finishing procedures on the flexural strength and structural

of selected dental porcelains. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1994; 28:

and clinical procedures conducted on the 3M ESPE Lava All-Ceramic System. J

oxide-based ceramic fixed partial dental prostheses: A prospective clinical pilot

Microstructure and Processing Methods. Compendium of Dental Education; Nov-

Dentistry; Oct 2009: 94-104

Prosthodont. 2005;14(1):39-45.

Dec 2010, 31(9): 682-697.

Mater. 1990;6(3):181-184.

1995;8(4):320-323.

2007;20(1):21-26.

study. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96(4):237-244.

Biomater. Artif. Organs, 2006; 20(1):7-11.

603-609.

**11** 

*Poland* 

**Biocompatible Ceramic – Glass** 

**Physical – Mechanical Properties** 

*2The Institute of Nuclear Physics PAS, Krakow,* 

 Barbara Staniewicz–Brudnik1 and Małgorzata Lekka2 *1The Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Krakow,* 

**Composite – Manufacturing and Selected** 

Biomaterials present specific group of materials, about different composition, structure and properties, which, are accepted by human organism, but some of them (like hydroxyapatite ceramics, bioglass, bioglass – ceramics, modified carbon materials) make connections with alive tissue or take part in its regeneration (Hench L.L. 1998, Krajewski A., Ravaglioli A. 2002). From historical point of view application of synthetic material for repair of human body are dated from thousand years. It has been discovered, that some Egyptian mummies had dentist denture executed from gold. The first reports about application of ivory as an implementation materials was found in a Greek mythology (Błażewicz S., Stoch L. 2003).

It needs to be mentioned that clinical attempts of refilling of wastes of tissues and bones using a different type of material was initiated before centuries. However, real medical treatment with implementation product manufactured in commercial scale was started in

In 1902 gold capsules were used for manufactured prostheses of head of femur. From this moment systematical researches on the insertion materials were done. For this group we can classify cobalt – chromium – nickel alloys (Vitallium) that are used in the orthopedics till now (as plates, nails, screws for special applications, dentist implants). Production of

From 1930 polymetacrylan methylu (PMMA) has been used in the dentistry as a cement fulfills and in the jointing process of metallic bones prostheses, particularly in the case of hip

Application of corundum material by Boutin in the 1972, for manufacturing the elements of joint prostheses was the crucial moment. The following properties have revolutionized the quality of the prostheses: high strength, low friction coefficient, low degree of wear and

The corundum bioceramics manufactured in different forms (dense, macro and micro porosity) makes many functions during the repair intervention. However, use of many of these materials has experimental character and they are on the clinical stage, there is also

**1. Introduction** 

the twentieth century.

and knee joints.

polymer materials opened new possibilities.

good biocompatibility (Jaegermann Z., Ślósarczyk A. 2007)
