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**23** 

*Spain* 

**Sintering to Transparency of** 

Ramón Torrecillas2 and José L. Menéndez2

*Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) – Universidad de Oviedo (UO) – Principado de Asturias* 

Marta Suárez1,2, Adolfo Fernández1,2,

*1ITMA Materials Research* 

**Polycrystalline Ceramic Materials** 

*2Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN).* 

There is currently a high demand for advanced materials for different types of applications (see Fig. 1.1) in which besides a high mechanical performance, a partial or total transparency in a given spectral range is required. Transparent ceramics become more and more important for applications in which materials are subject to extremely high mechanical and thermal stress in combination with optical properties. More recently, interest has focused on the development of transparent armor materials (ceramic) for both military and civil applications. Also, the development of new optoelectronic devices has extended the use of ordinary optical materials to new applications and environments such as temperature (IR) sensor, optical fiber communications, laser interferometers, etc. A considerable fraction of these new devices operates in aggressive environments, such as ovens, radiation chambers and aerospace sensors. In such cases, the sensitive electronic component must be preserved from the extreme external condition by a transparent window. Transparent and coloured ceramics are also often used as wear and scratch resistant parts such as bearings and watch glasses as well as for their aesthetic Properties

In science and technology the word transparent is used for those components that show clear images regardless of the distance between the object and the transparent window. Clear transparency is achieved when after transmission through the window the light does not undergo noticeable absorption or scattering. This applies, for example, to some glasses,

Most of ordinary optical transparent materials, glasses, polymers or alkali hydrides are soft, weak and/or brittle. Figure 1.2 shows the transmittance spectrum of BK7, a commercial glass widely used for visible optics. However, this material presents a strong absorption in the IR range making it of no use for this spectral range. Furthermore, this material shows a

**1. Introduction** 

in synthetic opals and rubies.

single-crystalline and polycrystalline transparent ceramics.

very low melting point (559ºC) so it cannot be used at high temperature.

