**3. Results**

132 Antimicrobial Agents

diffusion method peptone (0.5 grams), meat extract (1.0 grams), sodium chloride (0.5 grams) and agar (1.5 grams) were dissolved in small quantity of distilled water with the aid of heat on water bath and the volume was made up to 100 ml with purified water. The pH of the nutrient broth was adjusted to 7.2 using 5M sodium hydroxide, and then sterilized in an

After sterilization, the medium was inoculated with 3μl aliquots of culture containing approximately 105 CFU/ml of each organism of 24hours slant culture in aseptic condition and transferred into sterile 6 inch diameter petridishes and allowed to set at room temperature for about 10 minutes and then kept in a refrigerator for 30 minutes. After setting a number 3 cup borer (6mm) diameter was properly sterilized by flaming and used to make three to five uniform cups/wells in each petridish. A drop of molten nutrient agar was used to seal the base of each cup. The cups/wells were filled with 50µl of the different extracts of 100mg/ml, 300mg/ml, and 500mg/ml so final drug concentration will be 5mg/well, 15mg/well, and 25mg/well respectively and allow diffusing of plant extract into

Standard drugs Streptomycin (5μg/ml), control (0.1% DMSO) were transferred to the cups of each agar plate by means of sterile pipettes under a laminar flow unit. The solvents used for reconstituting the extracts were similarly analyzed. The plates thus prepared were left for 2 hours in a refrigerator for diffusion and then kept in an incubator at 37ºC. After 24 hours, the agar plates were examined for inhibition zones, and the zones were measured in millimeters. The zones of inhibition were measured with antibiotic zone scale in mm and the

Peeled potatoes (20grams) were cut into small pieces and boiled with 100ml of water for 30 minutes. The pieces are crushed during boiling and the pulp was removed after cooling by filtration through muslin cloth. Dextrose (2grams) and agar (1.5grams) were added and the volume is made up to 100ml. the medium is then distributed in 20ml quantities in two 250ml conical flasks and were sterilized in an autoclave at 121ºC (15lbs/sq. in.) for 30min. the medium was inoculated using 4 days cultures of the test organisms in aseptic condition and transferred to sterile 6 inch diameter petri dishes and allowed to set at room temperature for about 10 minutes. Four cups of 6mm diameter bore in medium at equal

Hexane, chloroform, methanol and water extracts in different concentrations (100mg/ml, 300mg/ml, and 500mg/ml) to get the final drug concentration 5mg/well, 15mg/well, and 25mg/well respectively, control (DMSO) and standard (Bavistin 5μg/ml), were transferred

autoclave maintained at 121ºC (15lbs/sq. in.) for 20 minutes.

the medium for about 45 minutes.

experiment was carried out in triplicates.

**2.6.1 Composition of PDA medium** 

Potatoes (peeled) : 200grams Dextrose : 20grams Agar-Agar : 15grams Distilled water to make up to : 1000ml

distance were made in each agar plate by using sterile borer.

**2.6 Antifungal activity** 

**2.6.2 Procedure** 

Among the 50 plant methanol extracts screened thirteen plant extracts showed antibacterial and antifungal activity by zone of inhibition. These results indicated that the plant extracts showed antibacterial as well as antifungal activity. Hexane, chloroform and aqueous extracts were showed very less activity against all the phytopathogens hence only the methanol extracts reports was analyzed. The methanol extracts activities were increased with increasing concentrations. However, the activity produced by the extract was low when compared with that of the standard. The methanol extracts of fifty medicinal plants (Table-1) showed broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against the test organisms (Table-2) using agar cup plate method. The plant species were *Adenocalymna allicia*, *Acacia farnaciana*, *Avicenia officinales*, *Bridilia Montana*, *Coleus forskohlii*, *Phyllanthus niruri*, *Grewia arborea*, *Melia azadirach, Ocimum sanctum*, *Peltophorum pterocarpum*, *Scoparia dulcis, Terminalia chebula* and *Withania somnifera*, showed a significant activity against *Macrophomina phaseolina*, *Rhizoctonia solani* at less than 50mg/ml concentration.

Of all *Terminalia chebula* and *Melia azadirach* showed remarkable largest zones of inhibition against all the phytopathogens tested. Antimicrobial activities are different medicinal plants were represented in Table 3 and 4. Fruit extract of *Terminalia chebula* showed less than 2mg/ml and *Melia azadirach* below 15mg/ml concentrations showed significant activity on all the pathogens tested in this study.

An Alternative Approaches for the Control of

*Melia azedarach* L. Leaves, Seed Flower,

Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 135

*Mimosa pudica* Linn. Whole Plant Menorrhagia, piles, Skin wounds Diarrhoea,

*Moringa heterophylla* L. Roots, Seeds, Antibiotic Anti-inflammatory and Diabetes

*Marraya Koenigii* (L.) Spreng. Leaves Skin diseases, Heminthiasis, Hyperdipsia,

*Ocimum sanctum* Linn. Leaves, Seeds Malaria, bronchitis, colds, fevers, absorption,

*Plumeria rubra* Linn. Leaves Ulcers, leprosy, inflammations, rubefacient. *Pongamia pinnata* (L.) Pierre. Bark, seeds Antimalaria, skin disease, rheumatic and

*Strychnos nux vomica* Linn. Seeds Cholera, chronic wounds, Ulcers, paralysis,

*Terminalia chebula* Retz*.* Fruit Antimicrobial, cures digestive problems,

*Vitex pentaphyllal* Linn. Aerial parts Foetid discharges, Febrifuge Rheumatism

*Withania somnifera* (L.) Dunal Leaves Sore eyes, Febrifuge, ulcers Cure sterility of

*Tinospora cordifolia* (Willd.)Stem Analgesic and anti-inflammatory. *Tridax procumbens* Linn. Whole plant Antimicrobial, Anti-oxidant and Anti-

*Salvadora persic,* Linn. Twigs, roots Antimicrobial and dental diseases

Pruritus, etc.

leprous sores

Diabetes

arthritis.

Vermifuge, Insecticide, Astringent, Antiseptic, antidiabitic, anti bacterial and anti viral

Hydrocele, Whooping caugh and Filiriasis

Used for upper respiratory problems, congestion, menstrual disorders, fever,

Rheumatism, fevers, pulmonary problems, bladder disorders, Coughing, hair loss, and

Anthelmintic, alexiteric, leprosy, ulcers, antipyretic, cures diseases of liver, spleen,

mouthwash/gargle and astringent,

wounds and hemorrhoids

reproductive disorders

heart, blood, asthma etc.

inflammatory,

affections, catarrhal

women sedative

**Botanical Name Parts used Uses / Ailments treated** 

Oil,

*Muntinga calabria* Linn. Leaves Antiseptic

*Peltophorum pterocarpum* (DC.) Whole plant Reclamation *Phyllanthus niruri L.* Leaves or herb Jaundice, Diabetes

*Ricinus communis* Linn. Leaves Jaundice, sores,

*Sesbania grandiflora* (L.) Pers*.* Flowers Gonorrhoea

*Suaeda maritima* (L.) Dumort. Whole plant Bioremediation

*Tephrosia tinctoria* Pers. Root Antisyphilitic

*Scoparia dulcis* Linn. Leaves, bark, roots

*Tephrosia villosa* (L.) Pers*.* Root, Leaves, Bark

*Tephrosia pumila* (Lamk.) *Persoon.* Root

Table 1. List of Medicinal plants


*Acacia farnesiana* (L.) Willd Bark, roots Astringent, Demulcent, Poultice, Stomachic. *Acalypha indica* Linn. Aerial parts Skin diseases, Ulcers Bronchitis, Head ache,

*Adhatoda vasica* Nees. Leaves, whole plant Cough and chronic bronchitis, rheumatism

*Andrographis paniculata* Nees. Whole plant, leaves Anti-biotic, anti-viral, anti-parasitic and

*Bridelia montana* (Roxb.) Willd Bark, Root Leaf Stomach pains, sore eyes and headaches. *Cassia occidentalis* Linn. Whole plant Boils, Spasm. Hysteria, Whooping cough *Catharanthus roseus* Linn. Leaves and roots Anti-mitotic and Anti-microtubule agents *Centella asiatica* Linn. Whole Plant Diuretic, treatment of leprosy, use as brain

*Cleome viscosa* Linn. *Leaves and seeds Anthelmintic, carminative, diaphoretic and* 

*Coriandrum sativum* Linn. Fruits Colic, Laxative, Blood purifier, Indigestion,

*Hiptage benghalensis* (L.) Kurz. Leaves and bark Insecticidal, cough, inflammation; skin

*Kyllinga nemaralis* Rottb. Whole Plant Promotes action of liver, and relief prunitus *Lantana camara* Linn. Whole Plant Antidote to snake venom, Malaria, wounds

*Hyptis suaveolens* (L.) Poit. Leaves Antispasmodic, antirheumatic and

*Derris scandens* (Roxb.) Benth Stem Arthritis, Anti-inflammatory *Eichhornia crassipes (C.Mart.)* Whole plant Biomass, soil reclamation

*Boerhaavia diffusa* Linn. Whole plant Scabies, myalgia, aphrodisiac

Snake bite

and asthma.

*rubefacient.*

sore throat

Refrigerant.

Antispasmodic.

immune system stimulant.

tonic and stimulates hair growth.

Aperient, Carminative, Diuretic, Aphrodasiac, Laxative, Astringent and

indigestion, nerve tonic.

jaundice, bilious, calculi

cuts ulcers, Eczema, Tumors

diseases and leprosy

antisoporific

Gonorrhea, catarrh of bladder, cough, cleaning the ulcers, insanity, epilepsy, fevers,

Dysentery, piles, leprosy, colic, dyspepsia, chronic chest complaints, , spleen diseases,

Treat heart and lung diseases, intestinal spasms, insomnia and convulsions.

**Botanical Name Parts used Uses / Ailments treated** 

*Acanthus ilicifolius* Linn*.* Leaf extract Relieve rheumatism

*Adenocalymma alliaceum* (Lam.) Leaves Astringent,

*Avicennia officinalis* L. Seed Relieving ulcers

*Coleus forskohlii (Willd.).* Roots

*Emblica officinalis* Gaertn. Fruit

*Holarrhena antidysenterica* 

*Gmelina arborea* Linn. leaves and roots

Foxh. Bark and seeds

*Gynandropsis gynandra* (L.) Leaf Anti-irritant *Hildegardia populifolia* (Roxb.) Stem bark Dog bite, Malaria.


Table 1. List of Medicinal plants

An Alternative Approaches for the Control of

*Hoelarrhena* 

*Peltophorum* 

Streptomycin

Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 137

**PLANT NAME** *A. tumefaciens E. caratovara P. agglomerans P. syringae X. campestris* 

*antidysenterica* 13 14 17 7 8 10 9 10 14 6 7 10 - - - *Hyptage bengalenses* - - 9 - 7 8 - - - 9 11 12 7 8 11 *Hyptis sueolences* 12 11 13 12 13 14 9 10 13 14 15 18 7 10 11 *Kyllinga nemoralis* - - - - 7 10 - - 7 - 8 9 - 9 10 *Lantana camara* 15 13 13 8 11 13 12 14 15 - - 7 - - 7 *Melia azedarach* 10 15 17 - - - - 9 13 8 10 12 - - - *Mimosa pudica* 11 12 15 14 13 13 - - 8 - - - - - - *Moringa heterophylla* 9 10 12 10 9 12 10 11 14 - 7 8 8 9 11 *Muntinga calebria* 12 11 10 13 16 21 13 11 15 9 11 15 7 8 8 *Murraya koenigii* 9 9 11 9 11 12 7 9 9 11 10 15 7 8 10 *Ocimum sanctum* 9 10 12 - - 8 13 14 15 14 16 17 22 27 28

*pterophorus* 21 24 24 19 24 25 20 21 24 9 13 15 18 21 22 *Phyllanthus niruri* 12 13 15 - 9 12 - 7 10 7 8 11 16 18 19 *Plumaria rubrum* - - 7 - 7 8 - - - 15 16 18 - 9 11 *Pongamia pinnata* 14 13 15 - - 9 11 13 12 - - 8 8 9 12 *Recinus communis* - - - - 9 9 - - - - - 9 - - 9 *Salvedara persia* - - 7 7 8 11 - - - 7 10 12 - 7 7 *Scoparia dulcis* 16 21 20 15 18 17 9 13 14 7 9 11 13 17 19 *Sesbanian grandiflora* 11 13 16 8 7 10 - - - 11 13 14 10 11 15 *Strynos nuxvomica* 9 10 13 8 11 14 - - 8 6 10 12 8 9 11 *Suaeda maritima* 10 9 11 9 12 13 9 10 11 14 15 18 9 8 13 *Tephrosia pumila* 7 7 9 7 8 10 9 11 13 - - - 7 8 8 *Tephrosia tinctoria* 8 10 11 - 7 7 - 7 10 - 7 8 7 9 10 *Tephrosia villosa* 14 15 16 - 7 11 - - 7 - 8 9 6 7 12 *Terminalia chebula* 19 23 24 26 28 28 11 15 18 22 22 22 28 27 33 *Tinospora cordifolia* 9 13 14 9 9 11 7 8 10 7 7 9 - 9 10 *Tridax procumbens* 10 14 12 8 11 14 - - 9 9 13 16 10 12 15 *Vitex negundo* 9 11 10 12 10 15 - 9 11 8 9 11 - 7 10 *Withania somnifera* 17 21 25 18 21 25 - - 9 13 15 16 9 11 17

(5µg/well) 31 20 25 20 15

**PLANT NAME** *A. niger C. graminicola F. moniliformi M. phaseolina R. solani* 

*Acacia farnesiana* - - 7 - 10 13 18 20 21 17 16 18 - 7 13 *Acalypha indica* 17 19 25 - - - 9 10 14 8 8 10 26 27 29 *Acanthus ilcifolius* 9 11 13 - - 9 8 11 14 12 14 15 9 13 15 *Adenocelima allicia* 10 16 17 9 13 14 16 21 25 15 19 22 11 14 16 *Adhatoda vasica* 7 9 12 7 8 10 9 11 14 14 15 17 13 14 15 *Andrographis paniculata* 9 13 15 - 8 12 - 8 8 14 16 16 10 14 15

**A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C** 

Volume per well: 50µl, A: 100mg/ml=5mg/well, B: 300mg/ml=15mg/well,


C: 500mg/ml= 25mg/well, Borer size used: 6mm

**A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C** 


Table 2. Pathogen index on *Sorghum vulgare* crop

Most of the methanol plant extracts were active towards pathogens. The plant extracts active against fungi are *T. chebula, Melia azadirach, R. communis, Acanthus ilcifolius, Andrographis paniculata, C. roseus, Derris scandens* and *Tephrosia pumila*. Of the five phytopathogenic fungi tested *Rhizoctonia solani* and *Macrophomina phaseolina* were found sensitive strains and evidenced by most of the methanol extracts showed good zone of inhibition on the agar well diffusion assays and *Colletotrichum graminicola* was found resistant when compared with all the fungi tested.


#### An Alternative Approaches for the Control of Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 137

136 Antimicrobial Agents

**Pathogen MTCC Disease**  *Pseudomonas syringae* van Hall B1604 Bacterial spot *Xanthomonas campestris* (Pammel) Dowson B2286 Bacterial leaf streak *Agrobacterium tumifaciens* B7405 Gall disease *Pantoea agglomerans* B2959 Unnamed disease

*Erwinia carotovora* B3609 Stem rot *Aspergillus* spp F4633 Seed rot

*Macrophomina phaseolina* F2165 Charcoal rot

Table 2. Pathogen index on *Sorghum vulgare* crop

*Andrographis* 

*Gyanandropsis* 

*Heldigordia* 

*Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G.W. Wils.* F2232 Seedling blight and seed rot

*Fusarium moniliforme* J. Sheld F156 Fusarium head blight, root and stalk rot

*Rhizoctonia solani* Kuhn. F 4633 Rhizoctonia root rot, Sheath blight, stalk rot

Most of the methanol plant extracts were active towards pathogens. The plant extracts active against fungi are *T. chebula, Melia azadirach, R. communis, Acanthus ilcifolius, Andrographis paniculata, C. roseus, Derris scandens* and *Tephrosia pumila*. Of the five phytopathogenic fungi tested *Rhizoctonia solani* and *Macrophomina phaseolina* were found sensitive strains and evidenced by most of the methanol extracts showed good zone of inhibition on the agar well diffusion assays and *Colletotrichum graminicola* was found resistant when compared with all the fungi tested.

**PLANT NAME** *A. tumefaciens E. caratovara P. agglomerans P. syringae X. campestris* 

*Acacia farnesiana* 9 14 18 30 35 36 15 15 20 24 26 28 8 9 12 *Acalypha indica* 9 9 10 9 11 15 9 11 15 9 11 14 7 8 8 *Acanthus ilcifolius* 10 11 13 12 14 15 - - - 11 13 15 7 10 11 *Adenocelima allicia* 9 12 14 7 8 12 - 9 10 17 19 21 6 7 9 *Adhatoda vasica* 10 13 15 - 10 15 7 8 12 9 10 12 - 7 11

*paniculata* 12 10 14 7 10 13 - - 7 10 13 15 12 13 15 *Avicenia officinalis* 8 13 14 - 7 9 - - 8 10 14 15 9 11 13 *Boerhavia diffusa* 8 7 11 10 12 15 7 8 12 - - - - - 8 *Bridilia montana* 16 19 25 24 28 29 11 15 18 21 25 24 23 25 26 *Cassia occidentalis* 8 11 13 - 7 9 - - 7 - - - 7 7 9 *Catharanthus roseus* 11 10 10 - 8 9 7 11 15 11 14 16 16 18 23 *Centella asiatica* 9 10 10 - - 9 - 7 9 - 7 9 - 10 13 *Cleome viscosa* 9 10 13 12 11 15 9 10 12 11 10 13 9 10 9 *Coleus forskohlii* 14 15 18 7 8 10 9 11 14 7 8 11 8 9 11 *Coriandrum sativum* - - - 9 12 10 - - - 12 14 15 11 13 14 *Derris scandens* 10 12 11 - 8 12 - - - 16 17 20 7 7 9 *Eichhornia crassipes* 9 14 13 10 11 14 7 8 10 7 7 11 12 15 14 *Emblica officinales* 9 10 11 - - 7 15 14 18 - 9 11 - 8 12 *Grewia arborea* 15 17 20 20 21 25 19 21 22 8 9 14 - 8 13

*gyanandra* 10 9 14 8 9 9 9 11 11 - 7 7 7 8 12

*populipolia* 13 15 15 11 14 15 13 15 16 8 9 9 - 7 9

**A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C** 


Volume per well: 50µl, A: 100mg/ml=5mg/well, B: 300mg/ml=15mg/well, C: 500mg/ml= 25mg/well, Borer size used: 6mm


Table 3. Antibacterial activity of Medicinal plant crude extracts


An Alternative Approaches for the Control of

Volume per well: 50µl, Borer size used: 6mm, na: no activity, Borer size used: 6mm, Extract /Drug concentration in mg/ml,

Table 5. Antimicrobial activity (MIC) of different plant crude extracts

Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 139


Volume per well: 50µl, A: 100 mg/ml = 5 mg/well, B: 300 mg/ml =15 mg/well, C: 500 mg/ml= 25 mg/well, Borer size used: 6mm

na: no activity, Borer size used: 6mm, Extract /Drug concentration in mg/ml,

Table 4. Antifungal activity of Medicinal plant crude extracts

#### An Alternative Approaches for the Control of Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 139

138 Antimicrobial Agents

**A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C** 

**PLANT NAME** *A. niger C. graminicola F. moniliformi M. phaseolina R. solani* 

*Avicenia officinalis* 10 15 17 - 7 7 11 12 15 20 24 27 10 11 14 *Boerhavia diffusa* - 7 10 9 10 13 7 9 9 8 10 10 - - - *Bridilia montana* 7 9 11 8 12 18 8 12 15 15 18 20 7 10 12

*Catharanthus roseus* - - 8 7 9 16 12 14 15 17 21 23 9 11 12 *Centella asiatica* - - 7 - 7 10 - 8 13 16 18 21 7 11 14 *Cleome viscosa* 18 21 24 9 11 15 13 17 23 20 21 25 19 22 26 *Coleus forskohlii* 15 17 21 8 9 10 12 16 19 16 18 21 15 17 19 *Coriandrum sativum* 10 14 17 - 9 9 - - - 7 9 13 - - - *Derris scandens* 19 21 24 7 7 9 11 13 17 16 15 19 13 14 17 *Eichhornia crassipes* 13 13 17 - - - 9 10 12 12 14 17 10 11 15 *Emblica officinales* - - - - 7 9 - - - 7 9 13 - - - *Grewia arborea* 21 24 28 9 11 11 12 15 20 20 21 25 18 19 24

*gyanandra* 6 7 8 - - - 10 10 12 8 8 0 8 9 11 *Heldigordia populipolia* - - - 8 10 12 7 9 11 8 9 11 7 7 9

*antidysenterica* 7 9 12 7 9 13 14 13 18 6 8 8 8 10 11 *Hyptage bengalenses* 12 13 16 - 7 8 10 13 16 9 10 12 9 10 11 *Hyptis sueolences* - - - 9 11 14 7 8 11 20 23 25 12 13 14 *Kyllinga nemoralis* 7 8 11 - - 8 - 8 14 11 13 14 7 8 8 *Lantana camara* - - 8 8 7 11 - - - 10 11 16 9 12 16 *Melia azedarach* 21 19 30 12 15 18 20 20 22 7 8 11 35 38 45 *Mimosa pudica* 9 10 13 - 7 10 8 9 12 10 12 14 - - 7 *Moringa heterophylla* - - - 7 9 15 8 8 12 8 10 14 12 15 17 *Muntinga calebria* 14 17 19 - 8 12 9 12 21 10 9 14 10 10 14 *Murraya koenigii* 10 13 17 9 11 18 12 15 19 13 15 18 15 16 18 *Ocimum sanctum* 9 11 12 8 10 14 13 15 16 21 24 28 10 13 14 *Peltophorum pterophorus* 21 22 29 10 14 19 11 13 17 22 24 27 33 35 40 *Phyllanthus niruri* - 10 15 - - 7 10 7 13 14 19 21 11 13 15 *Plumaria rubrum* 9 9 13 - 8 8 - - 9 10 13 13 18 21 25 *Pongamia pinnata* - - 8 - - 7 8 9 12 13 15 17 7 9 11 *Recinus communis* 10 14 21 7 10 11 - - - 15 18 21 - - - *Salvedara persia* 12 15 19 - 8 11 - - - 19 21 21 12 15 16 *Scoparia dulcis* 17 21 24 9 11 16 12 16 22 11 14 18 14 19 22 *Sesbanian grandiflora* 8 8 11 7 8 8 16 19 22 21 25 29 12 15 17 *Strynos nuxvomica* - - - - 7 8 - - 10 17 21 23 - 8 9 *Suaeda maritima* 12 15 19 - - - 10 13 14 13 16 17 14 17 21 *Tephrosia pumila* 7 7 9 - - - 7 9 13 - - - - - - *Tephrosia tinctoria* 7 7 10 7 10 12 - - - 10 12 14 - - 7 *Tephrosia villosa* - - 8 7 9 16 - - 7 20 25 26 10 11 15 *Terminalia chebula* 19 21 25 11 16 20 18 25 29 30 34 35 8 11 14 *Tinospora cordifolia* 7 9 13 11 15 18 17 18 24 9 8 10 *Tridax procumbens* - - 8 - 8 9 9 10 14 18 20 23 - 7 9 *Vitex negundo* - - - - 7 9 7 7 9 13 17 20 8 12 13 *Withania somnifera* 9 10 14 9 12 14 13 15 17 20 25 26 13 16 21 Bavistin (5µg/well) 32 25 28 20 35

*Cassia occidentalis* - 7 9 7 10 13 9 - - 8 10 13

Volume per well: 50µl, A: 100 mg/ml = 5 mg/well, B: 300 mg/ml =15 mg/well,

na: no activity, Borer size used: 6mm, Extract /Drug concentration in mg/ml,

Table 4. Antifungal activity of Medicinal plant crude extracts

C: 500 mg/ml= 25 mg/well, Borer size used: 6mm

*Gyanandropsis* 

*Hoelarrhena* 


Volume per well: 50µl, Borer size used: 6mm, na: no activity, Borer size used: 6mm, Extract /Drug concentration in mg/ml,

Table 5. Antimicrobial activity (MIC) of different plant crude extracts

An Alternative Approaches for the Control of

Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 141

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*,

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*,

Natural products isolated from higher plants have been providing novel, antimicrobial drugs. Historically, many plant oils and extracts, such as tea tree, clove, Etc. have been used

Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Fig. 3. Different plant extracts activity on *R. solani*

**4. Discussion** 

Fig. 4. Different plant extracts activity on *R. solani*

The methanol extracts of *Terminalia chebula* fruit had potent antimicrobial activity at less than 25mg/ml concentrations. The solvent control of hexane, chloroform, methanol, and DMSO had no effect on microbial growth. And the standard synthetic fungicide Bavistin and antibacterial drugs of Streptomycin and Penicillin had a variety of activity against all the pathogens tested.

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*, Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Fig. 1. Different plant extracts activity on *M. phaseolina*

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*, Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Fig. 2. Different plant extracts activity on *M. phaseolina*

The methanol extracts of *Terminalia chebula* fruit had potent antimicrobial activity at less than 25mg/ml concentrations. The solvent control of hexane, chloroform, methanol, and DMSO had no effect on microbial growth. And the standard synthetic fungicide Bavistin and antibacterial drugs of Streptomycin and Penicillin had a variety of activity against all

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*,

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*,

Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Fig. 2. Different plant extracts activity on *M. phaseolina*

Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Fig. 1. Different plant extracts activity on *M. phaseolina*

the pathogens tested.

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*, Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Fig. 3. Different plant extracts activity on *R. solani*

Tc - *T. chebula*, Sd - *S. dulcis*, Hs - *H. sueolences*, Cr - *C. roseus*, Tv - *T. villosa*, Bm - *B. montana*, Eo - *E. officinales*, Pn - *P. niruri*, Av - *A. vasica*, Ap - *A. paniculata*, Aa - *A. allicia*.

Fig. 4. Different plant extracts activity on *R. solani*
