**5. Conclusion**

The methods of measurement and analysis of aflatoxins have been discussed in this chapter. Some photographs were taken by the author himself, while others were downloaded from internet. Some analytical studies in the aflatoxin analysis have been included to have the insight of methods' application and their development. Typical complete methods have been included as exemplary methods, so the understanding of the process of aflatoxin analysis may become clear.

Aflatoxin Measurement and Analysis 145

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Jacobson, W. C., Harmeyer, W. C., & Wiseman, H.G. (1971). Determination of aflatoxins B1

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Manetta, A. C., Giuseppe, L. D., Giammarco, M., Fusaro, I., Simonella, A., Gramenzi, A., &

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and M1 in milk. *Journal of Dairy Science,* Vol.54*,* pp.21-24

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Formigoni, A. (2005). High-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatisation and fluorescence detection for sensitive determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and cheese. *Journal of Chromatography A,* Vol.1083, No.1, pp. 219-222 Masri, M. S., Page, J. R., & Gracia, V. C. (1969). Modification of method for aflatoxins in milk. *Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists,* Vol.52, pp. 641-643 McKinney,J. D. (1972). Determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk: A modified Jacobson,

Harmeyer, and Wiseman method. *Journal of American and Oil Chemical Society,*

aflatoxin M1 in liquid and powdered milks using affinity column clean-up. *Journal* 

analysis of aflatoxins M1. *RIDASCREEN® Aflatoxin M1 30/15*, Instruction booklet,

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Mortimer, D. N., Gilbert, J., & Shepherd, M. J. (1987). Rapid and highly sensitive analysis of

Newsome, W. H. (1987). Potential and advantages of immunochemical methods for analysis of foods. *Journal of Association of Analytical Chemists,* Vol.69, pp. 919-923 Purchase, I. F. H., & Steyn, M. (1967). Estimation of aflatoxin M1 in milk. *Journal of* 

RIDASCREEN® Aflatoxin M1 30/15 (2007). Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative

Stubblefield, R. D. (1979) The rapid determination of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products. *Journal* 

Stubblefield, R. D., & Shannon, G. M. (1974). Collaborative study of methods for the

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#### **6. Acknowledgement**

I am profoundly grateful to Almighty Allah and bow my head to Him for giving me light to complete this manuscript.

#### **7. References**


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**6. Acknowledgement** 

complete this manuscript.

**7. References** 

USA


**9** 

*Italy* 

**Biosensors for Aflatoxins Detection** 

The availability of rapid and reliable methods for rapid determination of small molecules, as contaminants in food samples, including Aflatoxins, is an increasing need also for human health. In order to monitoring food contaminants, as Mycotoxins (MTXs) Gas Chromatographic (GC) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods are generally utilized, due to their high detection sensibility and selectivity. However, GC and HPLC analyses are time consuming and needs sample pre-treatment or pre-concentration procedures. Immunoassays and biosensors are becoming a recognized alternative or complementary to conventional analytical techniques for the detection of mycotoxins, as

Recently, biosensors based on the use of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies have seen a great development in the field of small molecules analytical determination and specifically in the mycotoxins analyses. Among biosensors for mycotoxins monitoring, optical or electrochemical devices for Aflatoxins detection were described by different authors. The present Chapter describes the different biosensors for Aflatoxins developed and utilized in food analysis. The absence of cross-reactivity obtained with most of these biosensor, the possibility of on-line measurement, the absence of sample pre-treatment, can really put it in

Chapter describes also main biosensors features and vantages for these innovative devices and various examples of biosensors and reviews some biosensors for Aflatoxins and other

In particular, we will focus our attention on biosensors developed for mycotoxins detection that utilize immunoglobulins or aptamer showing affinity for a correspondent analyte, associated to various transduction elements. Various biosensing platforms will be introduced, including, but not limited to, surface plasmon resonance and quartz microbalance crystals. Examples of biosensors array, as microarray, detecting Aflatoxin and Fumonisin will be also presented. Some of these biosensing devices were developed in our laboratories and the sensing performance of each device will be evaluated and compared in

Analytical methods used for mycotoxins determination are mainly based on TLC, HPLC or ELISA. Actually biosensor and microsystem technologies are used for different applications including studies of human and veterinary diseases, drug discovery, genetic screening, clinical and food diagnostics. According to these approaches the aim of many authors was to transfer the methods of the immunological assay from microtiter plates into a biosensor format in order to develop a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method for the detection of

competition with other conventional systems such as HPLC and ELISA.

mycotoxins detection methods, as microarray.

terms of sensitivity and detection limit.

**1. Introduction** 

Aflatoxins.

Lucia Mosiello and Ilaria Lamberti *ENEA, Italian National Agency for New* 

*Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Rome,* 

