**8. The laws and regulations in controlling aflatoxins in China**

Due to the risk of aflatoxin contamination of foods and feed on human health and livestock productivity, the Chinese Government has imposed laws and regulations limiting total amount of aflatoxins allowed in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. This has minimized potential exposure to aflatoxins. The maximum level of aflatoxins allowed in many commodities has been established. "Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China" specifically prevents the sale of aflatoxin contaminated commodities and has set limits in food no more than 20 ppb total aflatoxins, and 10 ppb in rice and 0.5 ppb AFM1 in milk, butter and fresh pork. There is a zero tolerance in infant formula that no trace amount of aflatoxins shall be detected.

#### **8.1 Related laws about aflatoxins**

At present, Chinese laws about aflatoxin contamination are greatly improved. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China has established a number of hygiene control measures to prevent aflatoxin contamination.

Food hygiene law of the People's Republic of China warns that the food, which is mould or mixed with foreign matters or those with abnormal flavour properties, may be harmful to

Studies by Liuzhou Health and Epidemic Prevention Station and Food Bureau suggested that one part contaminated feed immersed in two parts NaOH should be boiled for 1~2h before feeding to animals. In addition, use lime cream, pure potash and kali to soak aflatoxin contaminated corns for 2~3h, followed by washing in clean water, and drying. The

The treatment with 5% sodium hypochlorite for several seconds could reduce aflatoxin by 98%~100% (Zhang *et al.*, 2004). After analyzing the difference among different time and the products of different places, the ClO2 was effective in detoxicating aflatoxin when the aflatoxin contaminated corns were infused in the 250ug/mL ClO2 for 30~60 min (Zhang & Zhu, 2001). The treatment with 2% sodium bisulfite for 3 days showed best effect on

The aflatoxin degradation ability of some food micro-organisms such as the lactic acid bacteria and yeasts was investigated (Zhu & Lin, 2001), (Li *et al.*, 2003). The concentration of aflatoxin, the quantity of fungus and the temperature have a combined effect on the toxin binding ability by lactic acid bacteria. In yeasts, in exponential phase, it showed highest toxin binding ability and the higher concentration of aflatoxin, the higher the binding ability. The enzymatic detoxification of aflatoxin is an effective and safe method, highly selective, no harmful effect on nutrition value and no adverse effect to the treated products (Gong *et al.*, 2004). A new technology on aflatoxin detoxification was developed in recent year. Thoroughly enzymatical hydrolyzation of the peanut meal to achieve full ionization of slightly dissolved aflatoxins from hydrophobic amino acid residues. Then retain the greater part of aflatoxin through successive filtration, thereby make markedly reduction of aflatoxin

Due to the risk of aflatoxin contamination of foods and feed on human health and livestock productivity, the Chinese Government has imposed laws and regulations limiting total amount of aflatoxins allowed in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. This has minimized potential exposure to aflatoxins. The maximum level of aflatoxins allowed in many commodities has been established. "Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China" specifically prevents the sale of aflatoxin contaminated commodities and has set limits in food no more than 20 ppb total aflatoxins, and 10 ppb in rice and 0.5 ppb AFM1 in milk, butter and fresh pork. There is a zero tolerance in infant formula that no trace amount of aflatoxins shall be

At present, Chinese laws about aflatoxin contamination are greatly improved. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China has established a number of hygiene control

Food hygiene law of the People's Republic of China warns that the food, which is mould or mixed with foreign matters or those with abnormal flavour properties, may be harmful to

**8. The laws and regulations in controlling aflatoxins in China** 

**7.3 Alkali refining** 

**7.4 Oxidants** 

aflatoxin detoxication (Feng, 2002).

**7.5 Micro - organisms** 

content (Xu & Luo, 2003).

**8.1 Related laws about aflatoxins** 

measures to prevent aflatoxin contamination.

detected.

detoxication efficiency can reach 60%~90% (Fan, 2003).

human health. "Food Hygiene Control Regulations Article IV" stated clearly that rural and state-owned farms should be organized and guided to harvest in time, threshing, dry, removing impurities, to prevent food mildew pollution during harvesting process. Article VI points out that we should actively carry out the "no worms, no mildew, no rat, and no sparrow" activities. ARTICLE II and III of Prevention Aflatoxin Contamination on Food Hygiene Regulations make clear that we should prevent food mildew and deterioration to achieve the objectives of mould proof and poison removal. Article IV provides that when using grain and oil whose aflatoxin content is higher than allowed level, effective measures must be taken to remove the toxins through technical procedures. The products can only be consumed when the product meets the food safety criterion. Article VI requires that, to ensure infant food safety, a zero tolerance policy should be adopted and food sector should provide non-aflatoxin detectable grain, as materials of infant milk replacer. For aflatoxin monitoring and management, Chinese Health and Quarantine law also established relevant regulations.

#### **8.2 The organizations involved in aflatoxin control supervision**

Not one or two departments can accomplish aflatoxin control supervision in the process of strengthening food safety supervision system. Team work may play an important and positive role. Management of aflatoxin control mainly involves the following departments.

#### **8.2.1 Hygiene management department**

Due to the problem with aflatoxin contamination during food processing, transportation and marketing process, especially peanuts. The hygiene administrative departments are required to perform some relative control measures on preventing aflatoxin contamination, e.g , Food hygiene law of the People's Republic of China.

#### **8.2.2 Health and quarantine departments**

Aflatoxin contamination of food is difficult to prevent, therefore, the aspect of food quarantine is particularly important. China has made specific provisions on the highest aflatoxin tolerance amount in all kinds of food. The health and quarantine departments must adopt the advanced science and technology in aflatoxin testing, strictly implement supervision, to reduce aflatoxin hazard to human health.

#### **8.2.3 Disease control department**

Because aflatoxin is extremely poisonous substances, it has an aneretic role on human and animal's liver tissue, accompanied with stem cell degeneration and necrosis, eventually result in serious organ damage or even death. Aflatoxins not only damage liver organ in animals, but also affect embryo development in animal. Due to immuno-suppression and recurrent infections aflatoxin contamination in animal feed will reduce milk and eggs production. Experimental results show that aflatoxin toxicities are different depending on animal species, age, and gender. In general, the younger the animals the higher the sensitivity to aflatoxins. Aflatoxins can also pass through food chain to human body through consumption and accumulation in animals. Disease control department should create a healthy environment, maintaining the social stability and national security, improve people's health through the prevention and control of diseases resulted from aflatoxin contamination. Under the leadership of the ministry of health, technological management and technical service will be enhanced.

Aflatoxin Contamination and Research in China 35

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Kong, Q. & Liu, Q. (2010). Inhibitory effect on the growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis of

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Liang, Y. & Huang, R. (2000). Detection of the aflatoxin B1 in Chinese meteria medica,

Lin, J. (1995). Preliminary survey of AFM1 in milk and milk powder on Fuzhou, *Shanxi* 

Liu, F. (2001). The Inhibitory Effect Of Plant Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) On

Liu, P. (1999). Determination of Aflatoxin in Eighteen lots of Chinese Herbs, *Chinese* 

Liu, X. (2006). Strengthen research work of exposure and control of mycotoxin, *Chinese* 

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Lu, Z., Wu, S. & Sun, C. (2010). The Relationship of Aflatoxin Biosynthetic Gene Expression

Luo, J., Li, R. & Chen, L. (2003). Research On O3 To Degrade AFB1 In Cereals, *Grain Storage*

Ma, L. (2007), Research in high sensitivity testing technology of Aflatoxin B1, Master

Qi, L. (2002), Research on adsorption effect of ann to Aflatoxin in duck Daily diet, Animal

Qi, X. & Che, Z. (2010). Introduction of the detection and coercion of aflatoxin in

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2053-2055.

*(Agriculture & Life Sciences)* 36, 387-392.

*Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene* 15, 212-215.

*Medical Journal* 17, 32-35.

*Science Edition)* 34, 78-81.

*Mutagenesis* 20, 294-298.

23-28.

*Pharmaceutical Journal* 24, 287-290.

*Journal of Preventive Medicine* 40, 307-308.

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*Chinese Journal of Modern Applied Pharmacy* 17, 224-226.

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Aspergillus flavus by a strain of marine Bacillus, *Journal of Zhejiang University* 

#### **8.3 Aflatoxin quarantine requirements**

Chinese government has strict regulations on the maximum amount aflatoxin allowed in different foodstuffs. In corn, peanuts, peanut oil, nuts and dried fruit (walnut, almond) the maximum amount allowed is 20μg/kg(AflatoxinB1);. While in rice and oils (sesame oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, oil, tea oil, sesame oil flax, corn germ oil, rice bran oil, cottonseed oil) is 10μg/kg (aflatoxin B1). In milk, milk products and butter (disinfection, fresh raw milk, whole milk powder, and evaporated milk, sweet condensed milk, butter) is 0.5 μg/kg (Aflatoxin M1). No aflatoxins shall be detected in any infant formula.

#### **9. References**


Chinese government has strict regulations on the maximum amount aflatoxin allowed in different foodstuffs. In corn, peanuts, peanut oil, nuts and dried fruit (walnut, almond) the maximum amount allowed is 20μg/kg(AflatoxinB1);. While in rice and oils (sesame oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, oil, tea oil, sesame oil flax, corn germ oil, rice bran oil, cottonseed oil) is 10μg/kg (aflatoxin B1). In milk, milk products and butter (disinfection, fresh raw milk, whole milk powder, and evaporated milk, sweet condensed milk, butter) is

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Beijing City, *Journal of Hygiene Research* 36, 237-239.

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in Fushui *Guangxi Medical Journal* 28, 1337-1338.

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0.5 μg/kg (Aflatoxin M1). No aflatoxins shall be detected in any infant formula.

**8.3 Aflatoxin quarantine requirements** 

*Oncology* 32, 614-617.

*Medical Reaserch* 34, 28-31.

*Veterinary Sciences* 19, 40-41.

51-54.

**9. References** 


**3** 

*1,2,3,4Argentina 5,6Brazil* 

**Silage Contribution to Aflatoxin B1 Contamination of Dairy Cattle Feed** 

Alonso V.A.1,2, González Pereyra M.L.2, Armando M.R.2, Dogi C.A.2, Dalcero A.M.1,4, Rosa C.A.R.5,6, Chiacchiera S.M.3,4 and Cavaglieri L.R.1,4

*Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Cuarto, Córdoba,* 

*Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinaria, Rio de Janeiro,* 

Dairy production systems have traditionally relied on direct utilization of pastures and annual soiling crop. This feeding strategy is complemented by the use of other feeds such as grains, balanced feed, silage, hay and industrial products, the level of use was variable and

Over recent decades, this intensification has been increasing at an accelerated rate, partly because the farms that remain, integrated into general agricultural-livestock mixed models, increasing land for agriculture, as a result of best price-cost and simplicity of production. This change in management practices in dairy cattle breeding, from the extended to semi-

The change from grazing over large areas of land to cowshed feeding with grain-based concentrates and silage has greatly improved productivity increase on the number of animals per hectare and, in turn, improved performance and milk production per cow due to the nutritional advantages afforded by the new way of eating. The dairy industry has been driven to higher levels of efficiency and competitiveness. This management system makes storing feed necessary as it is used throughout the year whether it is produced in the same establishment or not. This raises the concern to protect these products from damage by insects, pests and fungal contamination in order to maintain an appropriate level of feed security. Storage systems for feed, both silage and whole grains are a man-made ecosystem in which quality and nutritive changes occur because of interactions between physical,

The deterioration by fungi and mycotoxin contamination is one of the greatest risks of stored feed. Apart from reducing palatability and feed consumption, fungal growth leads to loss of nutrients and dry matter causing in animal performance (O´Brien et al., 2005). Fodder, cereals

it defined in any way the degree of intensification of each dairy production systems.

intensive or intensive form, has meant a change in the way animals are fed.

**1. Introduction** 

chemical and biological factors.

*1Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Cuarto, Córdoba,* 

*2Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET),* 

*4Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET),* 

*3Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas,* 

*5Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinaria,* 

*6Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq),* 

