**4. Literature review**

Socioeconomic sketching is referred to an individual's or group's position within a classified social structure. Socioeconomic status is defined as having three proportions: family income, parent's education level, and parents' occupational status.<sup>2</sup> Granger stated that students supposed a larger benefit from performance progress from peers who are in the same performance grouping or socioeconomic level [9]. King found that having a growth mindset was linked with better encouragement and engagement for students, and its effects on academic achievement were moderated by SES [10].

Socioeconomic status depends on a combination of variables, including occupation, education, income, capital, and place of residence. Sociologists often use socioeconomic status as a means of predicting behavior.<sup>3</sup> SES is a variable that states the condition held by every individual or group in the structure of society (on the social ranking) and so their social stratification [11]. It is understood as a statusachievement model that defines the stratification process: "discriminations in the family lead to the educational attainment inequalities that result in inequalities in service status". Also, the SES level of the family has a positive association with the student's performance [12, 13].

<sup>2</sup> https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01297/full&ved=2ahUKEwjR1ou9zvv5AhUrS2wGHVU\_DQ4QFnoECAgQBQ&usg= AOvVaw2y4P5pHQT5ry7sVHtNWbKV

<sup>3</sup> (Islam, shariful, Socio-Economic Profile of the Students of University of Dhaka, February 04, 2015, https://www.academia.edu/16367867/Socio\_Economic\_Profile\_of\_the\_Students\_of\_University\_of\_Dhaka)

The SES can be reflected in several different ways; it is most often considered by observing parental education, occupation, income, and services used by individuals separately or collectively. Parental education and family SES level have positive associations with the student's quality of success [14]. Simiyu claims that family income refers to earnings, revenue, rents, and any flow of earnings received. Income can also come in the form of joblessness or worker's recompense, pensions, interests or surpluses, sovereigns, beliefs, or other governmental, public, or family financial support [15].

A family's socioeconomic status is based on family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social standing in the community (such as interactions within the community, group relatives, and the community's perception of the family) [16]. Socioeconomic factors, such as family income level, parents' level of education, race, and gender, all affect the excellence and accessibility of education as well as the capability of education to progress life conditions.<sup>4</sup> Socioeconomic status has been

<sup>4</sup> https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://classroom.synonym.com/socioec onomic-factors-affecting-education-8240412.html&ved=2ahUKEwjR1ou9zvv5AhUrS2wGHVU\_ DQ4QFnoECAcQBQ&usg=AOvVaw2czfDEbMZL12CxbNAxiiSo

### *Mental Stress, Socioeconomic Status, and Academic Performance: A Critical Analysis among… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109795*

measured in many traditions, including enlightenment and work-related attainment, experience with poverty, income, and exposure to adversative life measures such as joblessness or monoparental families [17]. Lareau, Annette [18] detects that socioeconomic status is naturally broken into three categories, high, middle, and low, to define the three parts in which a family or an individual may fall into. When engaging a family or individual into one of these groupings, any or all of the three variables, income, education, and occupation, can be measured. The socioeconomic status of parents not only affects academic performance but also makes it possible for a student from a low background to participate well with their counterparts from a high socioeconomic background in the same academic atmosphere. Education is an instrument for development, and it spreads knowledge, helps to identify good and bad, makes people aware, and brings enhancement for an individual and also to the nation. The measure of a person's work experience and an individual's or family's economic and social positions comparative to others is based on income, education, and profession. When examining a family's SES, the family income, earners' education, and occupation are observed as well as the joint income versus an individual's, when their qualities are evaluated.<sup>5</sup> Although the socioeconomic status indicators seem to differ, the most used are the educational level, parental occupation, and family's financial level [19]. Socioeconomic status is an economical and sociological shared total quantity of a person's work experience and an individual's or family's economic and social positions relative to others, founded on income, education, and occupation [20].

Additionally, low income and little education have shown to be strong interpreters of a variety of physical and mental health problems due to environmental conditions, which may be the entire cause of that person's social difficulty to begin with [18]. Ominde detects that education plays a major part in skill sets for obtaining jobs as well as in definite qualities that stratify individuals with higher from those with lower socioeconomic standing [21]. Students with a high level of SES have better grades than those from the middle class. However, middle-class students have healthier results than students from low-SES families [13]. The American Psychological Association (APA) describes socioeconomic status as the social standing or class of an individual or group [22]. SES has been usually used as a hidden idea for measuring family context [23]. Bourdieu proposed that capital can present itself in three essential forms and that economic capital is the foundation of all other forms of capital. The further types of capital are treated as converted and disguised forms of economic capital. Economic capital can be used in the pursuit of other forms of capital; for instance, family income can be used to pay for systematized after-school activities, accessing elite educational prospects, or building up appreciated social networks [24]. Liu illustrates that academic achievement is one of the most important indicators for evaluating students' performance and educational achievement, and also, the relationship between SES and academic achievement has progressively reduced in the past several decades [25].

A student's preliminary reading capability is associated with the parental education, knowledgeable environment, the number of books owned, and parent suffering [26, 27]. However, poor families have less access to educational resources and understandings, including books, computers, motivational figures, skill-building instructions, or teachers, to create a positive learning environment [28]. According to the U.S. Census Bureau [29], individuals within the high family-income quartile are 8 times more probable to acquire a bachelor's degree by age 24 as related to individuals

<sup>5</sup> Wikipedia Encyclopedia

from the lowest family-income quartile [29]. Low SES and revelation of difficulty are related to a decreased educational achievement [30]. Such mental stress in early childhood leads to lifelong impacts on learning, performance, and health [31]. Awareness of family economic stress and personal financial restrictions affected emotional suffering/depression in students and its academic consequences [32]. A study exposed that individuals from a lower social class commonly had less career-related selfefficacy when it came to professional ambitions [33]. Those from higher social-class circumstances tend to be more successful in rising career ambitions and are generally better organized for the sector of work because of access to capital such as careers office, good school, high-level social performers, and household experience with higher education [34]. Rodríguez explored that academic achievement, university experience, and work standing are more strongly related to academic performance than to SES [35].
