**2. Review and research topics of modern book design of children's literature in Ukraine in the XX: XXI centuries**

The topic of the article is reviews of predecessors, researchers of book work for children in Lviv, Ukraine. "Visual art from avant-garde shifts to the latest trends: Development of visual art of Ukraine in the XX–XXI century" V. Sidorenko [2]. "For the first time in domestic art history, the publication comprehensively considers the path taken by visual art during the XX–early XXI century" [2]. The author M. Slavova researches a children's book, asks a rhetorical question about the development of modern publications for children in socio-cultural status ([3], p. 38–39). Roman Yatsiv in the article "Modern Accident of Artistic Lviv. Fine Arts" traced and analyzed the latest incarnations reflected in the graphics ([4], p. 10–11).

O. Melnyk in the article "Computer graphics in modern book illustration: problems of technique and style" explored modern book illustration and features of its implementation using computer graphics, considered the technical features of working with computer graphics, with emphasis on the current trend of non-photorealistic visualization in the illustration and search for a unique author's language ([5], p. 157–161).

Maryna Tokar in her dissertation "Images of Heroes of Ukrainian Children's Literature in the book illustration of the second half of the XX-early XXI century" [6] explores the features of images of heroes of Ukrainian children's literature created in children's illustrated books by means of fine arts. The work aimed to investigate their representations, which took place under the influence of socio-cultural changes of the second half of the XX—early XXI century and characterize the development of national culture. The author considered the Ukrainian children's book graphics of this period on the visual material of the book: page illustrations, screensavers, letters, endings, in particular, analyzed the covers of children's books. M. Tokar is also the author of the article "Artistic representation of the image of literary heroes of children's books of the 2000s-2010s." [7]. "Evolution of development and current state of publishing literature for children and youth in Ukraine in the period of independence" [8].

*Graphics of Ukrainian Children's Publications 2000–2010: Based on the Work of LNAM… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108746*

L. Burdonos analyzes the formation of book publishing for children and adolescents in Ukraine, in particular: typology, circulation and quality of book publishing for 30 years of independence. In this vein, O. Papush in his research work "Narrative of children's literature: the specifics of artistic discourse" [9] emphasizes the analysis of the concept of children's books and proposed his definition of "children's literature".

The author touches on issues, namely: artistic taste, esthetics of the word and the publication as a whole. Developing the topic of modern book publishing in Ukraine, T. Galamaga raises the rhetorical question "What is published for children in Ukraine" [10]. The author offers a critical, research consideration of selective illustration, decoration of children's books.

## **3. Illustrators (LNAM) and children's book editions, 2000–2010**

At the beginning of the 2000s, the installation of computer graphics and technical and stylistic capabilities of the software continued (it was updated quite quickly, the software itself was changed). Artists have used computer graphics in illustration and book design. A new type of technical and stylistic solution of illustrations, design becomes possible since the development and improvement of material and technical equipment, excellent previous models of graphic solutions of easel and painted methods. With the active introduction of computers and related software, the technical and stylistic way of illustrating, designing and designing a publication is changing.

Computer graphics involves the use of specially designed programs, such as: Corel Draw, Illustrator, Corel Painter, Art Rage, etc. plus the use of a graphics tablet. A characteristic feature of computer graphics is that: the drawing is made in whole or in part by means of software, materialized printed in the circulation of the publication. As a technique, it can "imitate" the above-mentioned, as well as, from the skills and experience of the artist himself—he can create a new figurative-plastic, different from the previous, form of illustration.

Contemporary artists of the younger generation, graduates of LNAM, include: Mariana Kachmar (Flack), Christina Reynarovich, Anastasia Stefurak, Andrew Lesiv and Roman Romanishin (Creative tandem "Agrafka") Graphic artists and modern naming as designers work with and private, design works by Ukrainian and foreign authors. They equally feel the plastic form of illustration and text on paper, skillfully create a composition of covers, covers. The created decorative-plane drawings are filled with gradient fills, painted ornaments and decor. Until now, such an illustrative, artistic solution has not been used in the design of publications, at the stage of creating a book, for publishing preparation, which became possible only with the spread of computer graphics.

Mariana Kachmar (Flack), a graduate of LNAM, Faculty of Fine Arts and Restoration, Department of Sacred Art (2006). The artist is closely connected with the design of children's periodicals. Mariana Flack is working on icons—in the style of execution we trace the character present in the illustration. She is the main artist of children's magazines "Angelyatko", "Angelyatkova Nauka" and a leading illustrator of the Lviv publishing house "Svichado", the magazine "Zernyatko". The artist creates illustrations in vector and raster graphics programs. Designs children's works by contemporary Ukrainian and foreign authors. The image is addressed to young readers of preschool age. He is working on the design of the magazines "Angel" and "Angel Science". The artist wrote children's books by contemporary Ukrainian writers, in particular: Oksana Myronovych "Poems for Girls and Boys" (**Figure 1**), Bohdan Stelmakh's "Christian Alphabet" (**Figure 2**).

#### **Figure 1.**

*Myronovych Oksana "Poems for girls and boys" (https://svichado.com/vydannya\_dlya\_molodi\_i\_ditey/ doschkilna/virshiki-dlya-divchatok-i-hlop%CA%BCyat (06.01. 2022)).*

#### *Graphics of Ukrainian Children's Publications 2000–2010: Based on the Work of LNAM… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108746*

The illustrations are without excessive decorative or ornament. The artist drew attention to the facial features and behavior of the characters. Relative to the basic proportions of the body made large the heads of children and animals. The portraits of the protagonists of stories, poems and fairy tales are clearly interpreted. There is a pastel color scheme and delicately applied calligraphic line in the outline of the drawing. Mariana Flack made good use of computer graphics in creating an illustrative series, clearly taking into account the peculiarities of the readership and children's perception of drawings.

The artist M. Flack created incomparable illustrations that are original and recognizable author's examples. They reflect the trends and needs of the time in search of something new, rethought—something new that can interest children. Regarding her experience of illustration, the artist herself shares:—"Books with luxurious colorful illustrations accompany me since childhood. I do not give them to anyone. Sometimes I come across a book at home that I read as a child, and there are so many memories related to the book, and the texts, and my own fantasies, and travel to the center of Lviv, which was then more fabulous than real for me. city… because I was born here and lived in the center for the first 13 years of my life. Books with gorgeous colorful illustrations have accompanied me since childhood. I do not give them to anyone. Sometimes I come across a book at home that I read as a child, and there are so many memories related to the book, and the texts, and my own fantasies, and travel to the center of Lviv, which was then more fabulous than real for me. city… because I was born here and lived in the center for the first 13 years of my life. Who knows—maybe it's thanks to these books that I now write and openly admire the wonderful illustrations. And who created them? It's a shame that until recently I could not name five modern Ukrainian illustrators. And there are so many of them, talented, hardworking and unique. They are not often written about and not talked about anymore. And they work, live and create next to us. And so—to somehow explore this topic, I went in search of them—on foot and by car, the Internet and trails trodden by friends. She asked those she found personally about life and work, made friends with many, and found information about others on the World Wide Web. I know there are other talented illustrators nearby, but I'm not familiar with them yet. But the time will come and they will also become my friends. If not real, then at least virtual. And I will tell you about them" [11]. And as the artist herself noted:—"Children's illustration is by no means on the margins of art. And although it is not written about, it is not systematized by style, it is not researched, it is and remains one of the brightest types of art" [12].

Another artist, Khrystyna Reynarovych, a graduate of LNAM, fruitfully collaborates with publishing houses: Svichado, Svit, and Kamenyar. He performs his illustrations in raster graphics programs. The artist is meticulous about the details in the artistic style of drawings. Individual segments of the composition are solved by one ornament, decor, and the next - by other variants of drawing. It is worth noting the ornament and decor, the artist developed in raster graphics, software, original author's. Variability in the application of these methods is an intuitive artistic thing. The artist mostly designs children's books of primary school age. Skillful drawing, composition, color and tonal solution, the use of graphic programs - as a result, these means the artist creates perfect reversible, page illustrations. Achieves the desired results - without losing in the details of gently crafted characters. In addition to the illustration itself, the artist also resorted to layout, page design, cover or the whole edition (**Figure 3**). Khrystyna Reynarovych is an artist-technologist, author of original drawings and designer and editor of printed products at the same time.

**Figure 3.**

*A clear star above the nativity scene. Christmas crafts (https://svichado.com/vydannya\_dlya\_molodi\_i\_ditey/ molodschyj\_schkilnyj\_vik/nad-vertepom-zvizda-yasna--rizdvyani-samorobki (06.01.2022)).*

Anastasia Stefurak, from the age of seven she was engaged in art circles, studied at the Ivano-Frankivsk DHSh them. O. Sorokhteya, a graduate of LNAM (2013), the diploma project was a series of illustrations to the book "Ukrainian proverbs". He currently works as a graphic designer in a design studio and collaborates with the "Old Lion Publishing House". Works in computer graphics and collage techniques. Successfully combining computer capabilities and manual authoring techniques. The artist is impressed by the direction of "magical realism" in literature and fine arts. Among the books of the "Old Lion" by the artist are: "Relentless Katie" (**Figure 4**), "Relentless Katie at school" Susan Coolidge, "Proverbs Ukrainian" [13]. The created illustrations are pastel colors, flat, full of lightness and tenderness in the stylization of the protagonists, without excessive ornamental or decorative ornaments. A certain iconicity of images in the nature of the drawing, in the colors of the drawings. The author's solution is the most successful in the combination of collage created by means of computer graphics. In general, illustrations evoke positive emotions and ease of perception.

The creative workshop "Agrafka" is Romana Romanyshyn and Andriy Lesiv. Creative tandem of two artists, LNAM graduates who live and work in Lviv. They embody their ideas in the author's books, in the free execution of illustrations [14]. Romana Romanyshyn, studied at the Lviv State College of Decorative and Applied Arts named after I. Trush, Department of Painting (1999–2003), studied at the Lviv National Academy of Arts, Department of Art Glass (2003–2009). Andriy Lesiv, studied at the Lviv State College of Decorative and Applied Arts named after I. Trush, Department of Restoration of Works of Art (1999–2003); graduate of LNAM, Department of Restoration of Works of Art (2003–2009). Romana Romanyshyn and Andriy Lesiv from the "Agrafka" creative studio immediately perceive the text as a composition of elements. "The first stage of working with the text is acquaintance with large compositional planes: the main characters, geography of actions, historical references, etc. are written out. All subsequent stages involve the search for details, hidden content, interesting fragments, the rhythm of the text is studied. The first thing we do is always print the text and sketch a lot on these sheets, emphasize interesting

*Graphics of Ukrainian Children's Publications 2000–2010: Based on the Work of LNAM… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108746*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Susan Coolidge "The Restless Katie" (https://www.yakaboo.ua/ua/nevgamovna-kejti.html#media\_popup\_photos (06.01.2022)).*

moments, words that can be touched, build associative chains. While illustrating the book, the artist is a co-author of the story. Very interesting are the episodes of departure from the text, his own visions, which the artist reads "between the lines" [14].

A characteristic feature of the graphic embodiment of both artists "Agrafka" is: in their ideological, conceptual solution of illustration, in artistic interpretation, the ideas are not similar to others. An unusual combination of computer graphics and collage techniques using the texture and texture of different materials and planes created with the help of graphics programs and the method of manual execution. Part of the drawing is performed in vector and raster programs, and the other is processed by ink and pen and pre-cut embossing, applications of various improvised materials, mainly fabrics (**Figure 5**).

The style of pictorial material can be traced in the artistic currents of expressionism or postmodernism. As well as certain analogues of books can be found in modern book publishing in Western Europe. In addition to illustrative material, interesting and dynamically composed decoration. The location of the text column, the choice of typeface typesetting is consonant with the nature of the drawings. Despite the originality and unusualness of the author's books, there are small shortcomings, if you look strictly at the standards and norms. From the point of view of a book for

**Figure 5.**

*Creative workshop "Agrafka"|The Gauntlet | Art Studio Agrafka. The Mitten (https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=bbjBB4EtW1w (06.01.2022)).*

a child, in children's publications: individual protagonists are difficult to recognize characters, and the main text present is accidental rather than line type—as modified or stylized, which slows down reading.

In the opinion of Romana and Andriy from the "Agrafka" creative studio, the illustration must convey the meaning, but in an original way, without literal and overly detailed retellings. "Again, referring to the example of " Gloves": at the beginning and end of the book, the grandfather is not interpreted literally by an old gray-haired man in a sweatshirt, and only his legs are depicted - the reader's imagination paints the figure itself (**Figure 5**). Every text, no matter how detailed and informative, always leaves the reader with many unanswered questions, and the illustrator should try to answer at least some of them. As a child, reading "Glove", I always did not understand: how so many animals fit in it? Therefore, we decided to answer this question by drawing the already mentioned "architectural" plan of the glove and its inhabitants. Of course, when you draw such a plan, you come up with associations with ZhEK, redevelopment and house book, the idea of which we used in the illustrations" [14].

"It is common practice for artists to use other literary sources while working, in addition to the work they illustrate. "It broadens the horizons of associations and visions.—Roman and Andriy from the "Agrafka" creative workshop explain.—In this case, the illustrations can be even more figurative than the text itself. But they are also illustrations to tell what is hidden behind the plane of the text" [14].

Participation, awards and exchange of experience in regional, national and international competitions, forums and exhibitions have become significant for Agrafka artists. Good cultural environment of the modern book market of Ukraine and Western Europe. Possibility of creative searches and unusual authorial embodiments of approaches in illustration, design and design of "Agrafka" books. In general, the original author's and recognizable books of the "Agrafka" creative workshop are illustrated. Artists, in addition to printing books, make

versions of the book by hand—the so-called artbooks. Successful creative tandem, workshop, participants of personal and collective exhibitions, awarded many grants and awards.
