**7. References**


Antibody-Proteases in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune

*medicine.* Vol.356, No.4 (January 2007) ISSN 371-8

*neurology.* Vol.254, No.2 (February 2007) ISSN 160-8.

80(1):41-49

28(7):53-59

10176–10181.

2002, 298(5601):2143-2144

J Biol Chem 1995;270:15257–61.

(March 2005) ISSN 485-503. ;

Demyelination and Monitoring Patients with Multiple Sclerosis 489

Kozyr A.V., Sashchenko L.P., Kolesnikov A.V., Zelenova N.A., Khaidukov S.V., Ignatova

Kuhle, J., C. Pohl, M. Mehling, G. Edan, M. S. Freedman, H. P. Hartung, C. H. Polman, D. H.

Kuhle, J., R. L. Lindberg, A. Regeniter, M. Mehling, F. Hoffmann, M. Reindl, T. Berger, E. W.

Lacroix-Desmazes, S., Bayry, J., Misra, N., Horn, M. P., Villard, S., Pashov, A., Stieltjes, N.,

Lerner R.A. Catalytic antibodies: the concept and the promise. Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.) 1993,

Lolli, F., B. Mulinacci, A. Carotenuto, B. Bonetti, G. Sabatino, B. Mazzanti, A. M. D'Ursi, E.

Matsuura K., Ohara K., Munakata H., Hifumi E., Uda T. Pathogenicity of catalytic

Nathan C. Immunology. Catalytic antibody bridges innate and adaptive immunity. Science

Paul S, Li L, Kalaga R, Wilkins-Stevens P, Stevens FJ, Solomon A. Natural catalytic

Paul S, Nishiyama Y, Planque S, Karle S, Taguchi H, Hanson C & Weksler ME. (2005)

Paul S. (1998) Mechanism and functional role of antibody catalysis. *Applied biochemistry and* 

Pillet D, PaonM, Vorobiev II, Gabibov AG, Thomas D, Friboulet A. Idiotypic network

Ponomarenko NA, Aleksandrova ES, Vorobiev II, Durova OM, Kozyr AV, Kolesnikov AV,

Ponomarenko, N. A., O. M. Durova, I. I. Vorobiev, A. A. Belogurov, Jr., I. N. Kurkova, A. G.

*biotechnology* Vol.75, No.1 (October 1998) ISSN 13-24

protease antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2002;269:5–12.

USSR Vol.375 (November 2000) ISSN 224-7

detecting disease-specific autoantibodies, biomarkers of multiple

A.N., Bobik T.V., Gabibov A.G., Alekberova Z.S., Suchkov S.V., Gnuchev N.V. Anti-DNA autoantibodies reveal toxicity to tumor cell lines. Immunol. Lett. 2002,

Miller, X. Montalban, F. Barkhof, et al. (2007). Lack of association between antimyelin antibodies and progression to multiple sclerosis. *The New England journal of* 

Radue, D. Leppert, and L. Kappos. (2007). Anti-myelin antibodies in clinically isolated syndromes correlate with inflammation in MRI and CSF. *Journal of* 

d'Oiron, R., Saint-Remy, J. M., Hoebeke, J., *et al.* (2002) *N. Engl. J. Med.* 346, 662–667.

Novellino, M. Pazzagli, L. Lovato, et al. (2005). An N-glucosylated peptide

antibodies: catalytic activity of Bence Jones proteins from myeloma patients with renal impairment can elicit cytotoxic effects. Biol. Chem. 2006, 387(5):543-548 Mets, B., Winger, G., Cabrera, C., Seo, S., Jamdar, S., Yang, G., Zhao, K., Briscoe, R. J.,

Almonte, R., Woods, J. H. & Landry, D. W. (1998) *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* 95,

antibodies: peptide-hydrolyzing activities of Bence Jones proteins and VL fragment.

Antibodies as defensive enzymes. *Springer seminars in immunopathology* Vol.26, No.4

mimicry and antibody catalysis: lessons for the elicitation of efficient anti-idiotypic

et al. (2000) Natural antibody catalytic activities in mice with autoimmune disorders. Doklady biochemistry : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the

Petrenko, G. B. Telegin, S. V. Suchkov, S. L. Kiselev, M. A. Lagarkova, et al. 2006. Autoantibodies to myelin basic protein catalyze site-specific degradation of their


Chamczuk, A. J., Ursell, M., O'Connor, P., Jackowski, G. & Moscarello, M. A. (2002) A rapid

D'Souza, C. A., & M. A. Moscarello. (2006). Differences in susceptibility of MBP charge

epitope. *Neurochemical research..* Vol.31, No.8 (August 2006) ISSN 1045-54. D'Souza, C. A., D. D. Wood, Y. M. She, & M. A. Moscarello. (2005). Autocatalytic cleavage of

Fishelson Z, Attali G, Mevorach D. (2001) Complement and apoptosis. Molecular

Friboulet A, Avallc B, Dcbat H, Thomas D (1999) A possible role of catalytic antibodies in metabolism. *Immunology today.* Vol.20, No.10 (October 1999) ISSN 474-5 Friboulet A., Avalle B., Debat H., Thomas D. A possible role of catalytic antibodies in

Fritz, R. B., Chou, C. H. & McFarlin, D. E. (1983) Induction of experimental allergic

Gabibov A.G., Gololobov G.V., Makarevich O.I., Schourov D.V., Chernova E.A., Yadav R.P.

Gabibov AG, Ponomarcnko NA, Kozyr AV et al *(2002)* Catalytic antibodies and pathology:

Genain, C. P., Cannella, B., Hauser, S. L. & Raine, C. S. (1999) Identification of

Hafler, D. A. (2004). Multiple sclerosis. *The Journal of clinical investigation.* Vol.113, No.6

Husted, C. (2006). Structural insight into the role of myelin basic protein in multiple

Jones LH, Wentworth Jr P. The therapeutic potential for catalytic antibodies: from a concept

Kotzin BL, Kozora E. (2001) Anti-DNA meets NMDA in neuropsychiatric lupus. Nature

Kozyr A.V., Kolesnikov A.V., Aleksandrova E.S., Sashchenko L.P., Gnuchev N.V., Favorov

Kozyr A.V., Kolesnikov A.V., Zelenova N.A., Sashchenko L.P., Mikhalap S.V., Bulina M.E.,

encephalomyelitis in PL/J and (SJL/J x PL/J)F1 mice by myelin basic protein and its peptides: localization of a second encephalitogenic determinant. Journal of

DNA-hydrolyzing autoantibodies. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1994, 47(2-3):293-302

human and mice models. *Journal of immunological methods*. Vol.269, No.1-2

autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis., Nature

sclerosis. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.* 

P.V., Kotelnikov M.A., Iakhnina E.I., Astsaturov I.A., Prokaeva T.B., Alekberova Z.S., Suchkov S.V., Gabibov A.G. Novel functional activities of anti-DNA autoantibodies from sera of patients with lymphoproliferative and autoimmune

Ignatova A.N., Favorov P.V., Gabibov A.G. Autoantibodies to nuclear antigens: correlation between cytotoxicity and DNA-hydrolyzing activity. Appl. Biochem.

*immunological methods.* Vol.262, No.1-2 (April 2002) ISSN 21-7.,

immunology Vol.38, No.2-3 (August 2001) ISSN 207-19

metabolism. Immunol. Today 1999, 20(10):474-478

immunology Vol.130, No.1 (January 1983) ISSN 191-4

medicine Vol.5, No.2 (February1999) ISSN 170–5.

to a promise. Mini Rev Med Chem 2001;1:125–32

medicine Vol.7, No.11 (November 2001) ISSN 1175-6

diseases. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1998, 75(1):45-61

Vol.103, No.12 (March 2006) ISSN 4339-40.

Biotechnol. 2000, 83(1-3):255-262

No.38 (September 2005) ISSN 12905-13.

(November 2002) ISSN 197-211

(April 2004) ISSN 788-94.

ELISA-based serum assay for myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis. *Journal of* 

isomers to digestion by stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and release of an immunodominant

myelin basic protein: an alternative to molecular mimicry. *Biochemistry* Vol.44,


antigen. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.* Vol.103, No.2 (January 2006) ISSN 281-6

**25** 

*Spain* 

**Role of Fatty Acids in the Resolution of** 

Gerardo Álvarez de Cienfuegos and Manuel A. de Pablo

Elena Puertollano, María A. Puertollano,

**Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases** 

*University of Jaén, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Div. of Microbiology Jaén* 

The main role of fatty acids is focused on serving as major substrates for energy production; however, fatty acids are also involved in the formation of cellular structures as well as in the transmission of cellular signals. Among the multiple functions attributed to fatty acids are their anti-inflammatory properties. This important characteristic has been applied in the prevention, attenuation or treatment of inflammatory disorders. Based on the previous argument is obvious that several fatty acids (mainly *n*-3 polyunsaturated or *n*-9 monounsaturated fatty acids) are capable of modulating immune system functions. These fatty acids may alter immune response through different mechanisms such as alteration of membrane fluidity, eicosanoid synthesis, oxidative stress, regulation of gene expression,

Early studies in Greenland Eskimos determined the low prevalence of inflammatory disorders in this population (Kromann et al., 1980). Despite their beneficial effects in the reduction of inflammatory diseases, other studies have demonstrated that the administration of diets containing long-chain *n*-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may contribute, at least in part, to the reduction of host resistance against infectious agents. In fact, epidemiological investigations described a high incidence of tuberculosis in native Eskimos (Kaplan et al., 1972), who consume a great amount of *n*-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These data are clearly illustrative of the potential action of certain fatty acids on the inflammatory response, and of the consequences derived from an excessive

It is obvious that these fatty acids contained in the diets produce an immune status able to ameliorate inflammatory conditions. Indeed, a growing number of studies using healthy human subjects as well as animal disease models have undoubtedly demonstrated dietary fish oil or olive oil to possess anti-inflammatory properties. For this reason, polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids have showed beneficial effects in numerous inflammatory diseases characterized by a overactivation of immune system such as asthma (childhood and adult), multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) and rheumatoid arthritis . Here, we summarize the involvement of fatty acids as anti-inflammatory agents and the action that these fatty acids contained in the human or animal diets exert on the prevention or treatment of autoimmune diseases.

apoptosis or modulation of gastrointestinal microbiota.

**1. Introduction** 

immunosuppression.

