**7. Conclusion**

156 Reverse Engineering – Recent Advances and Applications

2 14.00 14.12 95.03 95.15 75.00 75.01 3.3540 4 14.00 14.12 95.03 95.15 74.98 75.10 0.9035 6 14.00 14.12 94.98 95.11 75.00 75.01 3.3190 8 14.00 14.12 94.98 95.11 74.98 75.10 0.8684 10 14.00 14.12 94.86 94.99 75.00 75.01 3.3190 12 14.00 14.12 94.86 94.99 74.98 75.10 0.8684 14 14.00 14.12 94.95 95.14 75.00 75.01 3.1836 34 13.98 13.99 95.03 95.15 75.00 75.01 4.6426 36 13.98 13.99 95.03 95.15 74.98 75.10 2.1920 38 13.98 13.99 94.98 95.11 75.00 75.01 4.6075 40 13.98 13.99 94.98 95.11 74.98 75.10 2.1569 42 13.98 13.99 94.86 94.99 75.00 75.01 4.6075 43 13.98 13.99 94.86 94.99 74.77 74.99 2.0459 44 13.98 13.99 94.86 94.99 74.98 75.10 2.1569 46 13.98 13.99 94.95 95.14 75.00 75.01 4.4721 48 13.98 13.99 94.95 95.14 74.98 75.10 2.0216 50 13.89 14.01 95.03 95.15 75.00 75.01 3.3540 52 13.89 14.01 95.03 95.15 74.98 75.10 0.9035 54 13.89 14.01 94.98 95.11 75.00 75.01 3.3190 56 13.89 14.01 94.98 95.11 74.98 75.10 0.8684 58 13.89 14.01 94.86 94.99 75.00 75.01 3.3190 59 13.89 14.01 94.86 94.99 74.77 74.99 0.7574 62 13.89 14.01 94.95 95.14 75.00 75.01 3.1836 64 13.89 14.01 94.95 95.14 74.98 75.10 0.7330

*D5 D6 D9 Accuracy Cost Dmin Dmax Dmin Dmax Dmax Dmin*

*Combination* 

Table 8. Filtered out combinations

In industrial manufacturing, tolerance assignment is one of the key activities in the product creation process. However, tolerancing is much more difficult to be successfully handled in RE. In this case all or almost all of the original component design and manufacturing information is not available and the dimensional and geometric accuracy specifications for component reconstruction have to be re-established, one way or the other, practically from scratch. RE-tolerancing includes a wide range of frequently met industrial manufacturing problems and is a task that requires increased effort, cost and time, whereas the results, usually obtained by trial-and-error, may well be not the best. The proposed methodology offers a systematic solution for this problem in reasonable computing time and provides realistic and industry approved results. This research work further extends the published research on this area by focusing on type of tolerances that are widely used in industry and almost always present in reverse engineering applications. The approach, to the extent of the author's knowledge, is the first of the kind for this type of RE problems that can be directly implemented within a CAD environment. It can also be considered as a pilot for further research and development in the area of RE tolerancing. Future work is oriented towards the computational implementation of the methodology in 3D-CAD environment, the RE *composite* position tolerancing that concerns patterns of repetitive features, the methodology application on the whole range of GD&T types and the integration of function oriented wear simulation models in order to evaluate input data that come from RE parts that bear considerable amount of wear.

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**8** 

Kuang-Hua Chang *The University of Oklahoma* 

*Norman, OK* 

*USA* 

**A Review on Shape Engineering and Design** 

3D scanning technology has made enormous progress in the past 25 years (Blais, 2004); especially, the non-contact optical surface digitizers. These scanners or digitizers become more portable, affordable; and yet capturing points faster and more accurately. A hand-held laser scanner captures tens of thousands points per second with a level of accuracy around 40 m, and can cost as low as fifty thousand dollars, such as *ZScanner 800* (ZCorp). Such technical advancement makes the scanners become largely accepted and widely used in industry and academia for a broad range of engineering assignments. As a result, demand on geometric modeling technology and software tools that support efficiently processing large amount of data points (scattered points acquired from a 3D scanning, also called point cloud) and converting them into useful forms, such as NURB (non-uniform rational B-

Auto surfacing technology that automatically converts point clouds into NURB surface models has been developed and implemented into commercial tools, such as *Geomagic*  (Geomagic), *Rapidform* (INUS Technology, Inc.), *PolyWorks* (innovMetric), *SolidWorks/Scan to 3D (*SolidWorks, Inc.), among many others. These software tools have been routinely employed to create NURB surface models with excellent accuracy, saving significant time and effort. The NURB surface models are furnished with geometric information that is sufficient to support certain types of engineering assignments in maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) industry, such as part inspection and fixture calibration. The surface models support 3D modeling for bioengineering and medical applications, such as (Chang et al., 2003; Sun et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2010; Lv et al., 2009). They also support automotive industry and aerospace design (Raja & Fernades 2008). NURB surface models converted from point clouds have made tremendous contributions to wide range of engineering applications. However, these models contain only surface patches without the additional semantics and topology inherent in feature-based parametric representation. Therefore, they are not suitable for design changes, feature-based NC toolpath generations, and technical data package preparation. Part re-engineering that involves design changes also requires

On the other hand, shape engineering and design parameterization aims at creating fully parametric solid models from scanned data points and exporting them into mainstream

**1. Introduction** 

spline) surfaces, become increasingly higher.

parametric solid models.

**Parameterization in Reverse Engineering** 

