**5. References**


primer films of high porosity and because of good cathodic protective activity. Moreover, a lower particle size could lead to films with a higher electrical contact (better packaging ability); since the current density is inherent to the chemical nature of zinc dust and the operating conditions of the corrosion cell, the increase in specific area elevates not only the current of protection but also generates a better superficial distribution (more efficient primers). During immersion test in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution, visual inspection of plates protective with zinc-rich primers (both types of binders) showed a more localized

Concerning incorporation of reinforcement fibers, the conductive or non-conductive characteristic was a very important variable. The first ones improved notably the primer performance since they increased the electrical contact between particles and with the metallic substrate, particularly in the higher levels in the formulations; the performance is correlated with the higher useful zinc in the film. On the other hand, non-conductive reinforcement fibers did not modify the primer efficiency as compared with reference panels (without reinforcement fibers) and for this reason their incorporation is not justified from

Referring to PVC values (zinc content in dry film), previous results of laboratory tests demonstrated that a higher amount of microzinc leads to a longer useful life of primers. Nevertheless, it is important to mention that the choice of zinc content must be made by considering the physical characteristic of the primer film required for each particular case. When pigment volume concentration exceeds largely the CPVC, film properties such as adhesion, flexibility, abrasion resistance, etc. are drastically reduced while when the percentual level is slight under the critical value the efficiency is also considerably

In the case of primers, which have got incorporated conductive reinforcing fibers, results allow concluding that it is possible to reduce appreciably the PVC without affecting significantly the efficiency in service. In addition, it is important to mention that the quoted diminution of zinc content in the film is direct proportional to decrease the primer cost since

Abanilla, M.A.; Li, Y. and Karbhari, V.M. (2005). Durability characterization of wet layup

Ahmed Al-Dulaimi, Ahmed (2010). *Evaluation of polyaniline composites and nanostructures as* 

Aluru, N. et al., in: Gooddard, Brenner, Lyshevski, Iafrate Ed., (2003). *Nanostructure Studies* 

Amir, N.; Ahmad, F. and Megat-Yusoff, P. (2010). *Study on Fiber Reinforced Epoxy-based* 

Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resource Engineering.

CRC Press., Washington D.C., USA, 2003, Chapter 11.2.

graphite/epoxy composites used in external strengthening, *Composites Part B: Engineering*, Vol. 37, No. 2-3, (August 2005), pp. 200-212, DOI: 10.1016

*anti-corrosive pigments for carbon steel*. Masters thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

*of the Si-SiO2 Interface*, Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology,

*Intumescent Coating Formulations and Their Characteristics.* International Conference on Plant Equipment and Reliability (ICPER 2010), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 2010.

steel attack when zinc dust of the higher particle size was used.

technical and economical viewpoints.

it is the most expensive component of the composition.

/j.compositesb.2005.05.016

diminished.

**5. References** 


**8** 

*Romania* 

**Comparative Study of Porphyrin Systems** 

Fundamental research in durability of materials and structures have shown great potential for enhancing the functionality, serviceability and increased life span of our civil and mechanical infrastructure systems and as a result, could contribute significantly to the improvement of every nation's productivity, environment and quality of life. The intelligent renewal of aging and deteriorating civil and mechanical infrastructure systems includes efficient and innovative use of high performance composite materials for structural and

Corrosion is known commonly as rust, an undesirable phenomena which destroys the luster and beauty of objects and shortens their life. A Roman philosopher, Pliny (AD 23-79) wrote about the destruction of iron in his essay 'Ferrum Corrumpitar'. Corrosion since ancient times has affected not only the quality of daily lives of people, but also their technical progress. There is a historical record of observation of corrosion by several writers, philosophers and scientists, but there was little curiosity regarding the causes and mechanism of corrosion until Robert Boyle wrote his 'Mechanical Origin of Corrosiveness.' Philosophers, writers and scientists observed corrosion and mentioned it in their writings:

The most important contributions were later made by Faraday (1791-1867) who established a quantitative relationship between chemical action and electric current. Faraday's first and second laws are the basis for calculation of corrosion rates of metals. Ideas on corrosion control started to be generated at the beginning of nineteenth century. Whitney (1903) provided a scientific basis for corrosion control based on electrochemical observation. As

The word corrosion is as old as the earth, but it has been known by different names.

 Herodotus (fifth century BC) suggested the use of tin for protection of iron. Austin (1788) noticed that neutral water becomes alkaline when it acts on iron. Thenard (1819) suggested that corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon. Hall (1829) established that iron does not rust in the absence of oxygen. Davy (1824) proposed a method for sacrificial protection of iron by zinc. De la Rive (1830) suggested the existence of microcells on the surface of zinc.

**1. Introduction** 

material systems. [ Monteiro et al, 2002]

Pliny the elder (AD 23-79) wrote about spoiled iron.

Adina-Elena Segneanu, Ionel Balcu, Nandina Vlatanescu,

*Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, INCEMC-Timisoara* 

**Used as Corrosion Inhibitors**

Zoltan Urmosi and Corina Amalia Macarie *National Institute of Research and Development for* 

