**6. References**


AIF (2003) AIF-Abschlußbericht " Untersuchungen zur wirtschaftlichen Warmumformung

Berns, H (2000). Stickstoffmartensit, Grundlage und Anwendung, HTM Härtereitechnische

Bernauer, J., Speidel, M.O (2003). Effects of carbon in high-nitrogen corrosion resistant

neuer hoch stickstofflegierter nichtrostender Stähle in Abhängigkeit vom Stickstoffgehalt, des Oberflächenzustandes und der Ofenatmosphäre", AiF-

austenitic steels, High Nitrogen Steels 2003 Conference proceedings, Vdf

Fig. 26. Generator shaft with retaining rings, X8CrMnN 18-18 [ETE-11].

Fig. 27. Retaining ring. X8CrMnN 18-18 [ETE-11].

Vorhaben Nr. 13888N/II, 01.09.2003 bis 31.08.2007

Mitteilungen, Ausgabe 1/2000, Bd. 55, Hansa Verlag, p.10

Hochschulverlag AG ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2003, pp. 159-168,

**6. References** 


**Tribocorrosion: Material Behavior Under** 

**Combined Conditions of Corrosion** 

Pierre Ponthiaux1, François Wenger1 and Jean-Pierre Celis2

Tribocorrosion can be defined as the study of the influence of environmental factors (chemical and/or electrochemical) on the tribological behavior of surfaces. In other words, the process leading to the degradation of a metallic and/or non-metallic material resulting from a mechanical contact (sliding, friction, impact, ...) combined to a corrosive action of the

The origin of tribocorrosion is closely related to the presence of a passive film on material surfaces subject to wear and the modifications of these surfaces by friction or any other form of mechanical loading. In very general terms, the passive film (mainly oxide) is considered

Oxide particles, referred to as 'debris", are released from the contacting materials. Then, the debris can be removed from the contact zone or on the contrary trapped in it. In the case of removal, the debris dissolve chemically or are dragged out by a hydraulic flow along the material surface. In this case, the tribocorrosion mechanism is based on a repeated tearing off of the oxide after each contact and eventually a removal of some of the underlying material depending on the intensity of mechanical stress acting on the contacting materials. The major concern is then to quantify and eventually to model the kinetics of repassivation as accurately as possible. This type of tribocorrosion process can be classified as an oxidative wear mechanism as, for example, the 'mild oxidative wear model' (Quinn, 1992). In the case of debris trapping, one has to consider that under appropriate hydrodynamical, chemical, and thermal contact conditions and relative speed of the two contacting bodies, the debris will remain temporarily in the contact zone mainly as colloids with a diameter usually in the range of a few hundred nanometers. Two cases may then be distinguished: (a) the debris accelerates the wear in comparison to the case of debris-free contacts is accelerated by an abrasive effect, or (b) the debris slows down the wear compared to the case where the

contact zone is free of any debris, resulting in a protective effect.

**1. Introduction** 

**1.1 Definition of tribocorrosion** 

to be snatched in the contact area.

surrounding environment.

**and Mechanical Loading** 

*1France 2Belgium* 

*1Ecole Centrale Paris, Dept. LGPM, Châtenay-Malabry, 2Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. MTM, Leuven,* 

Uggowitzer, P. (1991). Uggowitzer, P.; Ultrahochfeste austenitische Stähle, Ergebnisse der Werkstoffforschung, Verlag Thubal-Kain, Schweiz, Zürich, 1991, pp. 87-101 **4** 
