**7. Acknowledgment**

This work was supported by the grant of Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic no. MSM 0021620807.

Cell-Free Nucleic Acids as Biomarkers of Biocompatibility in Dialytic Process 211

Colotta, F.; Re, F.; Polentarutti, N.; Sozzani, S.; Mantovami, A. (1992). Modulation of

Fatouros, I.G.; Destouni, A.; Margonis, K.; Jamurtas, A.Z.; Vrettou, C.; Kouretas, D.,

Fournie, G.J.; Lule, J.; Dueymes, J.M.; Laval, F.; Delobbe, I.; Verner. I., Pourrat, J.P. (1989).

García-Olmo, D.; García-Olmo, D.C.; Ontañón, J.; Martinez, E.; Vallejo, M. (1999). Tumor

García-Olmo, D.; García-Olmo, D.C.; Ontañón, J.; Martinez, E. (2000). Horizontal Transfer of

García-Moreira, V.; Prieto García, B.; Baltar Martín, J.M.; Ortega Suárez, F.; Alvarez, F.V.

Gauthier, V.J.; Tyler, L.N.; Mannik, M. (1996). Blood Clearance Kinetics and Liver Uptake of

Guan, J.; Jin D.D.; Jin, L.J. (2002). Apoptosis in Organs of Rats in Early Stage after

Holdenrieder, S.; Stieber, P.; Bodenmuller, H.; Busch, M.; Von Pawel, J.; Schalhorn, A.;

*Academy of Sciences,* Vol. 945, (September 2001), pp. 93–102, ISSN 00778923 Horinek, A.; Korabecna, M.; Panczak, A.; Ulcova Gallova. Z.; Nouzova, K.; Calda, P.;

*Diagnosis and Therapy*, Vol. 24, No. 1, (May 2008), pp. 15-21, ISSN 1015-3837 Horinek , A.; Panczak, A.; Mokrejsova, A.; Rocinova, K.; Korabecna, M; Cerny, D.; Tesar, V.

*Plasma and Serum*, P.Gahan, (Ed.), 159-163, Springer, ISBN 978-90-481-9381-3 Kobayashi, N.; Kuramoto, T.; Yamaoka, K.; Hashida, M.; Takakura,Y. (2001). Hepatic

*Journal of Nephrology* , Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 384–391, ISSN 0250-8095

(February 2002), pp. 276-284, ISSN 0090-3493

1820–1824, ISSN 0009-9147

1159-1164, ISSN 0213-3911

724-725, ISSN 0006-4971

1966, ISSN 0009-9147

pp. 1151–1156, ISSN 0022-1767

pp, 104-111, ISSN 1529-8809

Granulocyte Survival and Programmed Cell Death by Cytokines and Bacterial Products. *Blood*, Vol. 80, No. 8, (October 1992), pp. 2012–2020, ISSN 0006-4971 Crouser, E.D.; Julian, M.W. & Blaho, D.V. (2002). Endotoxin-Induced Mitochondrial Damage

Correlates with Impaired Respiratory Activity. *Critical Care Medicine*, Vol. 30, No. 2,

Mastorakos, G.; Mitrakou, A.; Taxildaris, K.; Kanavakis, E.; Papassotiriou, I. (2006). Cell-Free Plasma DNA as a Novel Marker of Aseptic Inflammation Severity Related to Exercise Overtraining. *Clinical Chemistry*, Vol. 52, No. 9, (September 2006), pp.

Plasma DNA in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis or Hemofiltration: Cytolysis in Artificial Kidney is Responsible for the Release of DNA in Circulation. *American* 

DNA Circulating in the Plasma Might Play a Role in Metastasis. The Hypothesis of the Genometastasis. *Histology and Histopathology*, Vol. 14, No. 4, (October 1999), pp.

DNA and the "Genometastasis Hypothesis". *Blood*, Vo. 95, No. 2, (January 2000), pp.

(2009). Cell-Free DNA as a Noninvasive Acute Rejection Marker in Renal Transplantation. *Clinical Chemistry*, Vol. 55, No. 11, (November 2009), pp. 1958-

Mononucleosomes in Mice. *Journal of Immunology*, Vol. 156, No. 3, ( February 1996),

Polytrauma Combined with Shock. *Journal of Trauma,* Vol. 52, No 1, (January 2002),

Nagel. D.; Seidel, D. (2001). Circulating Nucleosomes in Serum. *Annals of New York* 

Hancarova. M. (2008). Cell-Free Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma During Physiological Single Male Pregnancies: Methodology Issues and Kinetics. *Fetal* 

(2011). Comparison of Plasma Cell-Free DNA Levels with Gene Expression Profiles of Peripheral Blood Cells During Hemodialysis. In: *Circulating Nucleic Acids in* 

Uptake and Gene Expression Mechanisms Following Intravenous Administration of Plastid DNA by Conventional and Hydrodynamics-Based Procedures. *Journal of* 

#### **8. References**


Anker, P.; Stroun, M.; Maurice, P.A. (1976). Spontaneous Extracellular Synthesis of DNA

Antonatos, D.; Patsilinakos, S.; Spanodimos, S.; Korkonikitas, P.; Tsigas, D. (2006). Cell-Free

*Chemistry,* Vol. 52, No. 3, (March 2006), pp. 523–526, ISSN 0009-9147 Ayala, W.; Moore, L.W. & Hess, E.L. (1951). The Purple Color Reaction Given by

1976), pp. 2832-2839, ISSN 0008-5472

2009), pp. 730–738, ISSN 0009-9147

0009-9147

ISSN 1078-0432

Released by Human Blood Lymphocytes. *Cancer Research*, Vol. 36, No. 4, (August

DNA Levels as a Prognostic Marker in Acute Myocardial Infarction. *Annals of New York Academy of Science*, Vol. 1075 (September 2006), pp. 278-281, ISSN 00778923 Atamaniuk, J.; Vidotto, C.; Tschan, H.; Bachl, N.; Stuhlmeier, K.M.; Müller, M.M. (2004)

Increased Concentrations of Cell-Free Plasma DNA after Exhaustive Exercise. *Clinical Chemistry,* Vol. 50, No. 9, (September 2004), pp. 523–526, ISSN 0009-9147 Atamaniuk, J.; Ruzicka, K.; Stuhlmeier, K.M.; Karimi, A.; Eigner, M.; Mueller, M.M. (2006).

Cell-Free Plasma DNA: a Marker for Apoptosis During Hemodialysis. *Clinical* 

Diphenylamine Reagent. I. With Normal and Rheumatic Fever Sera. *Journal of* 

DNA in Apparently Healthy Individuals. *Clinical Chemistry*, Vol. 55, No. 4, (April

Serum Circulating Nucleic Acids from Patients with Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer Reveals Differences to Healthy and Nonmalignant Controls. *Molecular Cancer* 

Bazin, I.; Garin, A.; Narimanov, M.; Knysh, V.; Melkonyan, H.; Umansky, S.; Lichtenstein, A.(2000). Genetic Analysis of DNA Excreted in Urine: a New Approach for Detecting Specific Genomic DNA Sequences from Cells Dying in an Organism. *Clinical Chemistry*, Vol. 46, No. 8, (August 2000), pp. 1078–1084, ISSN

Proteins on Clearance of Chromatin from the Circulation of Normal Mice. *Journal of* 

Rodriguez, M.; Aljama.P. (1995). Cell Aggregation and Apoptosis Induced by Hemodialysis Membranes. *Journal of the American Society of Nephrology*, Vol. 9, No.1,

the Transrenal Excretion of Circulating EBV DNA in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients. *Clinical Cancer Research*, Vol. 1, No. 14(15), (August 2008), pp. 4809-4813,

(2008) Deoxyribonuclease Activity and Circulating DNA Concentration in Blood Plasma of Patients with Prostate Tumors. *Annals of Nex York Academy of Sciences*,

*Clinical Investigation*, Vol. 30, No. 7, (July 1951), pp. 781-785, ISSN 0021-9738 Beck, J.; Urnovitz, H.B.; Riggert, J.; Clerici, M.; Schutz, E. (2009). Profile of the Circulating

Beck, J.; Urnovitz, H.B.; Mitchell, W.M.; Schütz, E. (2010). Next Generation Sequencing of

Botezatu, I.; Serdyuk, O.; Potapova, G.; Shelepov, V.; Alechina, R.; Molyaka, Y.; Ananév, V.;

Burlingame, R.W.; Volzer, M.A.; Harris, J.; Du Clos, T.W. (1996). The Effect of Acute Phase

Chan, K.C.; Leung, S.F.; Yeung, S.W.; Chan, A.T.; Lo, Y.M. (2008). Quantitative Analysis of

Cherepanova. A.V.; Tamkovich, S.N.; Bryzgunova, O.E.; Vlassov, V.V.; Laktionov, P.P.

*Immunology*, Vol. 156, No. 12, (June 1996), pp. 4783–4788, ISSN 0022-1767 Carracedo, J.; Ramirez, R.; Pintado, O.; Gomez-Villamandos, J.C.; Martin-Malo, A.;

(January 1995), pp. 1586–1591, ISSN 1046-6673

Vol. 1137, (August 2008) pp. 218-221, ISSN 00778923

*Research*, Vol. 8, No. 3, (March 2010), pp. 335-342, ISSN 1541-7786

**8. References** 


Cell-Free Nucleic Acids as Biomarkers of Biocompatibility in Dialytic Process 213

García-Moreira, V.; de la Cera Martínez, T.; Gago González, E.; Prieto García, B.; Alvarez

Nahar, N.; Shah, H.; Siu, J.; Colvin, R.; Bhaskaran, M.; Ranjan, R.; Wagner, J.D.; Singhal, P.C.

Pachl, J.; Duska, F.; Waldauf, P.; Fric, M.; Fanta, J.; Zdárský, E. (2005). Apoptosis as an Early

Pajek, J.; Kveder, R.; Gucek, A.; Skoberne, A.; Bren, A.; Bucar, M.; Cerne, D.; Lukac-Bajalo, J.

Peters, D.L. & Pretorius, P.J. (2011). Origin, Translocation and Destination of Extracellular

Puszyk, W.M.; Crea, F.; Old, R.W. (2009). Unequal Representation of Different Unique

Rhodes, A.; Wort, S.J.; Thomas, H.; Collinson, P.; Bennett, E.D. (2006). Plasma DNA

Rumore, P.; Muralidhar, B.; Lin, M.; Lai, C.; Steinman, C.R. (1992). Haemodialysis as a

Saukkonnen, K.; Lakkisto, P.; Varpula, M.; Varpula, T.; Voipio-Pulkki, L.M.; Pettilä, V.;

Savill, J. (1997). Apoptosis in Resolution of Inflammation. *Journal of Leukocyte Biology*, Vol 61,

Simpson, R.J.; Jensen, S.S; Lim. JW. (2008). Proteomic Profiling of Exosomes: Current

Skvortsova, T.E.; Vlassov, V.V., Laktionov, P.P. (2008). Binding and Penetration of

*Academy of Sciences*, Vol. 1137, (August 2008), pp. 36-40, ISSN 00778923 Sorenson, G.D.; Pribish, D.M.; Valone, F.H.; Nemolí, V.A.; Bzik, D.J.; Yao, S.L. (1994). Soluble

*Critical Care*. Vol 10, No. 2, (April 2006), pp. R60, ISSN 1466-609X

33, No. 9, (September 2007), pp. 1624–1627, ISSN 0342-4642

No. 4, (April 1997), pp. 375–380, ISSN 0741-5400

*Medicine*, Vol. 44, No. 12, pp.1410–1415, ISSN 1434-6621

412, No. 11-12, (May 2011), pp. 806-811, ISSN 0009-8981

No. 2, (2005), pp. 697-699, ISSN 0862-8408

0430

1744-9979

00778923

9853

pp. 56-62, ISSN 0009-9104

Menéndez, F.V*.* (2006). Increase in and Clearance of Cell-Free Plasma DNA in Hemodialysis Quantified by Real-Time PCR. *Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory* 

(2001). Dialysis Membrane-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis is Mediated Through Free Radicals. *Clinical Nephrology*, Vol. 56, No. 1, (July 2001), pp. 52–59, ISSN 0301-

Event in the Development of Multiple Organ Failure? *Physiological Research*, Vol. 54,

(2010). Cell-free DNA in the Peritoneal Effluent of Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions. *Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis*, Vol. 14, No. 1, (February 2010), pp. 20-26, ISSN

Occurring DNA - A new Paradigm in Genetic Behaviour. *Clinica Chimica Acta*, Vol.

Genomic DNA Sequences in the Cell-Free Plasma DNA of Individual Donors. *Clinical Biochemistry*, Vol. 42, No. 7-8, (May 2009), pp. 736–738, ISSN 0009-9120 Rainer, T.H. & Lam, N.Y.L. (2006). Circulating Nucleic Acids and Critical Illness. *Annals of* 

*New York Academy of Sciences*. Vol. 1075, (September 2006), pp. 271–277 , ISSN

Concentration as a Predictor of Mortality and Sepsis in Critically Ill Patients.

Model for Studying Endogenous Plasma DNA: Oligonucleosome-Like Structure and Clearance. *Clinical and Experimental Immunology*, Vol. 90., No. 1, (October 1992),

Pulkki, K. (2007). Association of Cell-Free Plasma DNA with Hospital Mortality and Organ Dysfunction in Intensive Care Unit Patients. *Intensive Care Medicine*, Vol.

Perspectives. *Proteomics*, Vol. 8, No.19, (October 2008 ), pp. 4083-4099, ISSN 1615-

Methylated DNA into Primary and Transformed Human Cells. *Annals of New York* 

Normal and Mutated DNA Sequences From Single-Copy Genes in Human Blood.

*Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics*, Vol. 297, No. 3, (June 2001), pp. 853–860, ISSN 0022-3565


Kim, H.W.; Yang, H.N.; Kim, M.G.; Choi, H.M.; Jo, S.K.; Cho, W.Y.; Kim, H.K. (2011).

Korabecna, M.; Opatrna, S.; Wirth, J.; Rulcova, K.; Eiselt, J.; Sefrna, F.; Horinek, A. (2008).

Korabecna, M.; Horinek, A.; Bila, N.; Opatrna, S. (2011). Circadian Rhytmicity and Clearance

Koyama, S.; Akira, S.; Ishii, K.J. (2010) Immune Recognition of Nucleic Acids and Their

Lau, T.W.; Leung, T.N.; Chan, L.Y.; Lau, T.K.; Chan, K.C.; Tam, W.H.; Lo, Y.M. (2002). DNA

Lee, A.; Chyte M.K.B. & Haslett, C. (1993). Inhibition of Apoptosis and Prolongation of

Leon, S.A.; Shapiro, B.; Sklaroff, D.M.; Yaros, M.J. (1977). Free DNA in the Serum of Cancer

Lewis, S.L. & Van Epps, D.E. (1987). Neutrophil and Monocyte Alterations in Chronic

Lindau, D.; Rönnefarth, V.; Erbacher, A.; Rammensee, H.G.; Decker, P. (2011). Nucleosome-

Lo Y.M.D.; Zhang, J.; Leung, T.N.; Lau, T.K.; Chang, A.M.; Hjelm, N.M. (1999) Rapid

Lo, Y.M.; Rainer, T.H.; Chan, L.Y.; Hjelm, N.M.; Cocks, R.A. (2000). Plasma DNA as a

Martin, D. A. & Elkon, K. B. (2006). Intracellular Mammalian DNA Stimulates Myeloid

*Immunology*, Vol. 41, No. 3, (March 2011), pp. 669-681, ISSN 0014-2980 Lo, Y.M.; Corbetta, N.; Chamberlain, P.F.; Rai, V.; Sargent, I.L.; Redman, C.W.; Wainscoat,

No. 9076, (August 1997), pp. 350-487, ISSN 0140-6736

2000), pp. 319–323, ISSN 0009-9147

2006), pp. 951–962, ISSN 0004-3591

Vol. 64, No. 1, (January 1999), pp. 218–224, ISSN 0002-9297

*Serum*, P.Gahan, (Ed.), 159-163, Springer, ISBN 978-90-481-9381-3

Vol. 48, No. 12, (December 2002), pp. 2141–2146, ISSN 0009-9147

*Biology*, Vol. 54, No. 4, (October 1993), pp. 283–288, ISSN 0741-5400

1137, (August 2008), pp. 296-301, ISSN 00778923

ISBN: 3642126162, Berlin, Germany

646-650, ISSN 0008-5472

381–395, ISSN 0272-6386

ISSN 0022-3565

0253-5068

*Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics*, Vol. 297, No. 3, (June 2001), pp. 853–860,

Microinflammation in Hemodialysis Patients Is Associated with Increased CD14CD16(+) Pro-Inflammatory Monocytes: Possible Modification by On-Line Hemodiafiltration. *Blood Purification*, Vol 31, No. 4. (January 2011) pp. 281-288, ISSN

Cell-Free Plasma DNA During Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis and in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. *Annals of New York Academy of Sciences*, Vol.

of Cell-Free DNA in Human Plasma. In: *Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and* 

Metabolites. In: *Extracellular Nucleic Acids,* E.Y, Rykova, Y. Kikuchi (Eds.), Springer

Clearance from Maternal Plasma is Impaired in Preeclampsia. *Clinical Chemistry*,

Neutrophil Functional Longevity by Inflammatory Mediators. *Journal of Leukocyte* 

Patients and the Effect of Therapy. *Cancer Research*, Vol. 37, No. 3, (March 1977), pp.

Dialysis Patients. *American Journal of Kidney Diseases*, Vol. 9, No. 5, (May 1987), pp.

Induced Neutrophil Activation Occurs Independently of TLR9 and Endosomal Acidification: Implications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. *European Journal of* 

J.S. (1997). Presence of Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma and Serum. *Lancet*, Vol 350.

Clearance of Fetal DNA from Maternal Plasma. *American Journal of Human Genetics*,

Prognostic Marker in Trauma Patients. *Clinical Chemistry*, Vol. 46, No. 3, (March

Dendritic Cells to Produce Type I Interferons Predominantly Through a Toll-Like Receptor 9-Independent Pathway. *Arthritis and Rheumatism*, Vol 54, No. 3, (March


**13** 

G.A. Martinez

*México D.F.* 

*Department of Nephrology Hemodialysis Subsection Military Hospital Center* 

**Measuring System of Urea in Blood** 

End stage renal disease (ESRD) is one of the most common life-threatening diseases. The number of patients accepted for renal replacement therapy including hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation in developed and developing countries increases each year and imposes a major social and economic burden on these communities.(1) With an increasing number of elderly patients as well as patients with co-morbid conditions such as vascular disease and diabetes mellitus in the hemodialysis (HD) population, a well functioning mature arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is essential for the delivering HD in these patients. [1],[2] Malfunction of permanent vascular accesses remains a cause of frequent and

Stenosis of the HD vascular access is common with an occlusion rate of 17–45% at one year. [4],[5] Therefore, periodic monitoring of the access is recommended; early detection and correction of stenotic lesions can reduce the frequency of thrombosis and the need for high-risk

A variety of techniques such as physical examination, venous pump pressure, percent access recirculation, transonic flow and others are helpful in detecting vascular access dysfunction and improve assessment of the vascular access site. [4],[6] There is currently no consensus as to the optimum method of screening for stenosis; the most widely used method of screening for

Vascular access recirculation (AR) is defined as the return of dialyzed blood to the arterial segment of the access bypassing the systemic recirculation, thereby resulting in reducing the efficiency of dialysis. [7] High degrees of recirculation can lead to a significant discrepancy between the amount of HD prescribed and the amount of HD delivered.[8] Some investigators

The usually method for recirculation measuring is the Doppler Effect and the different technical based in the circulation blood sense of through the needles. These procedures have

At the moment some automatic systems estimate the recirculation rate with used hemodilutión technical that consist in the administration of saline serum in the return line,

therapy, increase the life of the access and help to reduce the rate of access failure. [1],[5]

stenosis has been the percent access recirculation (%AR) measurement. [4]

have suggested that AR of *15%* or higher reliably suggests significant stenosis. [4]

the great advantage to be carried by the medical and infirmary personal.

**1. Introduction** 

costly morbidity among these patients. [3]

**by Application in Recirculation** 

**for Hemodialysis Treatment** 

*Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention*, Vol. 3, No. 1, (January-February 1994), pp. 67-71, ISSN 1055-9965

