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**9** 

*Brazil* 

**Specifications of the Quality of Granulated** 

**Activated Charcoal Used in Water Systems** 

**Treatment in Hemodialysis Centers in Brazil** 

Manoel O. Mendez2, Aparecido R. Coutinho2 and Telma T. Franco3

*2Energy and Environment Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba* 

*3School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas* 

Eden Cavalcanti Albuquerque Júnior1, Marcos Antonio de Souza Barros1,

*1Professional Masters in Environmental Technology, Technology Institute of Pernambuco* 

According to the Brazilian Nephrology Society, in 2009, Brazil had approximately 600 Hemodialysis clinical centers. Currently, more than 77,000 Brazilians, who resort to specialized Hemodialysis services, are exposed to a volume of water of 18,000 to 36,000 L/year (Silva et al., 1996). Therefore, if the water used in these centers during the service is not duly treated, many chemical, toxic and bacteriological contaminants may be transferred to the patients, eliciting adverse effects, sometimes lethal (Buchanan et al., 1982; Arvanitidou et al., 2000). The water used in these Hemodialysis centers come mainly from the public supply, and it is known that in many water reservoirs that are aimed for the population supply and consume, as the ones located in the Brazilian states like São Paulo, Paraná and Pernambuco, there is a propensity towards cyanobacteria toxic growing (Mendonça et al., 1999). The first report of human death from hepatotoxins of cyanobacteria, more specifically the microcystins -LR, -YR and -AR, happened in intravenous exposition in a Hemodialysis clinic

In 2001, another incident involving Hemodialysis water contamination by microcystins was reported. Toxic growths of cyanobacteria with preponderance of the *Microcystis sp*. and *Anabaena sp.* were identified in the Funil reservoir and in the Guandu River, both used as water resources for the public supply in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Thus, from that episode, microcystins concentration of the order of 4 g/L and 0.32 g/L, respectively were detected in the water and in the activated charcoal filter, used by the water treatment station of the Hemodialysis Center of the Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, which is supplied by the water reservoir of Funil and the Guandu river. As a consequence of this incident, a total of 44 uremic patients who had received care in this Hemodialysis Center, were believed to be exposed to the microcystins found in the water used in the preparation of the dialysate, being until the present time, monitored as to

Considering thus the need to define the minimal criteria for the functioning and assessment of the public and private services which perform dialysis in outpatients, bearers of chronic

in the city of Caruaru, Pernambuco, in 1996 (Carmichael et al., 2001).

evaluate a possible chronic exposition to those toxins (Soares et al., 2006).

**1. Introduction** 

