**Part 5**

**Uses of Biodiversity** 

320 Research in Biodiversity – Models and Applications

could be a significant problem if the perception of the people changes regarding the benefits obtained of these projects. Regardless of the potential benefits for economic activity, we suggest that retenidas might produce beneficial effects to maintain de natural conditions

Búrquez, A. & Martínez Yrízar, A. (2006). *Conservación, transformación del paisaje y* 

http://simec.conanp.gob.mx/Info\_completa\_ext.php?id\_direccion=23 CONANP (1994). *Draft of Management Plan*, Unpublished Manuscript, Sonora, Mexico. Díaz-Caravantes, R. E., & Scott, C. A. (2010). Water management and biodiversity conservation interface in Mexico: A geographical analysis. *Applied Geography*, 30(3), pp. 343-354. Dietz, T.; Dolsak, N.; Ostrom, E. & Stern, P. (2002). The Dramma of the Commons, In: *Dramma of the commons*, Ostrom E. (ed.), National University Press, Washington DC, U.S. Felger, R. S.; Johnson, M.B. & Wilson, M.F. (2001). *The Trees of Sonora, Mexico*, Oxford

Flowerdew, R. & Martin, D. (2005). *Methods in Human Geography, A guide for students doing a* 

Hardin, G. (1968 and reprinted in 2005) The Tragedy of the Commons, In: *Economics of the* 

INEGI (2005) *Conteo de población y vivienda 2005*, October 9, 2009, Available in:

Ostrom, E. (1990). *Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions),* Cambridge University Press. Postel, S. & Richter, B. (2003). *Rivers for Life: Managing Water for People and Nature*, Island

Robichaux, R. H. & Yetman, D. A. (eds.), (2000). *The tropical deciduous forest of Alamos. Biodiversity of a threatened ecosystem in Mexico*. The University of Arizona Press: Tucson. Sánchez Flores, E.; Díaz-Caravantes, R.; Granados, A. & Chávez, J. (2009). *GIS improved object* 

*environment*, ASPRS 2009 Annual Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD. Van Devender T. R.; Reeder, J. R.; Reeder, C. G. & Reina A. L., (2005). Distribution and

J-L; Ceballos, E. G. & Felger, R. S. (eds.), Oxford University Press: New York. World Bank (1997). *Mexico, Protected areas Program: Proposed Restructuring Project, Global* 

World Commission on Dams [WCD] (2000). Overview, In: *Dams and Development: A New* 

Zimmerer, K. (2006). *Globalization and New Geographies of Conservation*, University of Chicago

*based classification for land use/cover change detection in a human altered deciduous forest* 

diversity of grasses in the Yécora region of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Eastern Sonora, Mexico in *Biodiversity, ecosystems and conservation in Northern Mexico*, Cartron,

Ostrom, E. (2005). *Understanding Institutional Diversity*, Princeton University Press.

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*research project*, Pearson Education Limited, England.

*biodiversidad en el Noroeste de México*, in Oyama, K. & A. Castillo, Conservación y Restauración de Recursos Naturales en México. Siglo XXI Editores: México, D.F. CONANP (2011). Ficha descriptiva del area natural protegida, In: *CONANP,* October 20,

that sustain biodiversity in the SARC natural protected area.

**9. References** 

2010, Available from:

University Press, 400 pp.

http://www.inegi.org.mx

Press, Washington, DC.

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Company Inc., U.S.

**15** 

**Bioprospecting: Creating a** 

Bioprospecting is the exploration of biological material for commercially valuable genetic and biochemical properties (Reid et al., 1993). This chapter will focus on the search for activities that could form the basis of new pharmaceuticals. Historically, most of the active ingredients in medicines have been natural products (Sneader, 1996), and natural products continue to form a productive source of new drugs (Newman and Cragg, 2007; Butler, 2008). Given that most drug discovery activity takes place in companies in the developed world and that most biodiversity is found in countries of the southern hemisphere, there needs to be a means whereby access to biodiversity is possible under terms and conditions that are mutually acceptable. After hundreds of years of unregulated collection of samples for many different purposes, the United Nations produced a framework for preserving the world's biodiversity while encouraging the sustainable use of biodiversity. This Convention on Biological Diversity has been widely accepted, and it is discussed in the following section. The chapter will continue with descriptions of various attempts to calculate an economic

value for biodiversity, followed by an outline of current bioprospecting practices.

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (www.biodiv.org) was one of the major outcomes of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The CBD has three

the sharing of benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic

Signatories to the CBD recognise that countries have sovereign rights over their genetic and biological resources (i.e., biodiversity) within their boundaries, and agree to the conditions

In relation to accessing natural products for drug discovery, the CBD has a number of Articles (see Appendix) that set the tone for future interactions between companies and research organisations with countries with desired biodiversity. Biodiverse-rich countries that have ratified the CBD have to facilitate access to their biological resources (Article 15.2).

**2. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity** 

the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity

in the CBD for the preservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

**1. Introduction** 

main goals:

the conservation of biodiversity

resources in a fair and equitable way

**Value for Biodiversity** 

*1University of Strathclyde* 

*2Niche Botanicals 1United Kingdom 2South Africa* 

Alan L. Harvey1 and Nigel Gericke2
