**13. Conclusion**

The inhabitants of St Kilda were an inbred population with limited genetic diversity. They suffered severely from infectious diseases, more than similar inhabitants of nearby islands,

**11** 

*Finland* 

*University of Helsinki* 

**Native Tree Species Regeneration and Diversity** 

Biodiversity is defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity 1 as "the variability among living organisms from all sources including *inter alia*, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". Thus in this definition diversity can also be described by listing of species even though such lists may not show the quality of diversity being described. For plants, assessments of biodiversities are complex because of the magnitude of numbers of species compositions in a setting. In the tropics alone, it has been reported that there are more than 200,000 species of flowering plants, which also include many tree species2. Furthermore, variations in species compositions between different geographical areas make biodiversity assessment even more complicated. In tropical African forests for example it has been observed that in an area of about 106 km2, there can be between 30,000 and 120,000 of flowering plant species alone; and in smaller areas such as plots of about 0.1 and 1 hectares this variation has been found to be between 30 and 300 of tree species3. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged that patterns and processes of diversity analyses have improved as per FAO forest resource assessments 4,5. With regard to habitats, it is noted that there is a lack of detailed survey information on habitat types, species or genetic diversity in many forests in the tropics6. In addition, the complexity in assessments is exacerbated in the tropics because of the introductions of exotic plant species

such as was the case in most of the East African highlands during the last century7.

The interest in forest biodiversity has increased lately due to the many threats forest ecosystems face in many regions of the world. These threats not only affect the ecosystem co-benefits such as biodiversity; and cultural and aesthetic values but also the service provisions and regulatory functions of the forests. In Kenya, there are nineteen habitats and ecosystems which exclude agricultural and barren lands that are valued for their high biodiversity. One such is the highland moist forests ecosystem which occupies 2% of the land area of the country8 and occurs in altitudinal ranges of 1400-2000m. Similarly at the global level, the mountain cloud forests have received considerable attention because of their ecological values and threatened stability9. The Taita Hills forest ecosystem occurs within the highland moist ecosystems. These forests belong to the only existing mountain cloud forests in East Africa and form a part of the Eastern Arc Mountains which stretch from Tanzania to south-west Kenya. These forests form the northern most parts of these Mountains. The Taita Hills rise from 1400m in the southeastern slopes to above 1700 m altitude

**1. Introduction** 

**in the Mountain Cloud Forests of East Africa** 

Loice M.A. Omoro and Olavi Luukkanen

who were also exposed to a climate noted for high rainfall, strong winds and cold winters, malnutrition with limited vitamin C intake, dioxin exposure, low herd immunity and lack of health care personnel. These factors are all in stark contrast to the successful society on Lord Howe Island. It is clearly not possible to tease out attributable percentages to each factor, but lack of biodiversity as in North America probably contributed to morbidity and mortality, and ultimately the failure of the society on St Kilda necessitating evacuation.
