**9. References**


**6410** *Molinia* meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (*Molinion caeruleae*) **6430** Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels

**<sup>9120</sup>**Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with *Ilex* and sometimes also *Taxus* in the shrublayer

**91E0\*** Alluvial forests with *Alnus glutinosa* and *Fraxinus excelsior* (*Alno-Padion*, *Alnion incanae*,

**91F0** Riparian mixed forests of *Quercus robur*, *Ulmus laevis* and *Ulmus minor*, *Fraxinus excelsior* or *Fraxinus angustifolia*, along the great rivers (*Ulmenion minoris*)

The authors thank the Research Group GI-1934 TB. The Autonomous Region of Galicia (Spain) has financed this study through the Project 10MDS276025PR of the Research

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**5130** *Juniperus communis* formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands

**6510** Lowland hay meadows (*Alopecurus pratensis*, *Sanguisorba officinalis*)

(*Quercion robori-petraeae* or *Ilici-Fagenion*)

**9230** Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with *Quercus robur* and *Quercus pyrenaica*

**9410** Acidophilous *Picea* forests of the montane to alpine levels (*Vaccinio-Piceetea*) [\*], Priority natural habitat types as Habitats of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC (Annex 1) Table 13. Habitats of Community interest (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) denomination

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**7120** Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration

**8130** Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree **8220** Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation

**9180\*** *Tilio-Acerion* forests of slopes, screes and ravines

*Salicion albae*)

**9340** *Quercus ilex* and *Quercus rotundifolia* forests

**6170** Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands

**4030** European dry heaths

**7110\*** Active raised bogs

**7230** Alkaline fens

**91D0\*** Bog woodland

**9330** *Quercus suber* forests

**8. Acknowledgments** 

**9. References** 

**9380** Forests of *Ilex aquifolium*

**7130** Blanket bogs (\* if active bog)


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**3** 

*Canada*

**Ocean Acidification** 

Jeffrey B. Marliave, Charles J. Gibbs,

**Biodiversity Stability of Shallow Marine Benthos** 

**in Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada** 

*Vancouver Aquarium (JM, DG, SY) and Pacific Marine Life Surveys Inc. (CG, DG, AL)* 

The highest human population density in British Columbia, Canada is situated around the shores of the Strait of Georgia, where current government policy is focusing early efforts toward achieving ecosystem-based management of marine resources. Climate regime shifts are acknowledged to have affected commercial fishery production in southern British Columbia (McFarlane et al., 2000), and overfishing is well documented in the Strait of Georgia region for a variety of important species, to the extent that Rockfish Conservation Areas have been created (Marliave & Challenger, 2009). As CO2 levels rise in the atmosphere, the oceans become progressively more acidic. While ocean acidification is predicted to be a great threat to marine ecosystems, little is known about its ecosystem impacts. Few taxpayer-funded studies have committed to long-term monitoring of full ecosystem biodiversity. This document presents results of over forty years of private taxonomic monitoring of shallow seafloors in the region centering on the Strait of Georgia. Also presented are records of ambient ocean acidity levels (pH), documented continuously by the Vancouver Aquarium through the same time period. Biodiversity data are summarized in ways that enable visualization of possible relationships to climate regimes and ocean acidification. This work does not attempt statistical analyses, in the hope that the

Biodiversity survey data can reveal fundamental differences in community function, as with the disparate trophic complexity and rockfish nursery capacity of glass sponge gardens versus reefs (Marliave et al., 2009). Trophic cascades can be elucidated when coupling biodiversity surveys with transect abundance surveys (Frid & Marliave, 2010). It has been suggested that biodiversity provides more accurate definition of climate regime shifts than does physical oceanographic data (Hare & Mantua, 2000) and the abundance, survival and spawning distribution of commercial fish species have been linked to decadal-scale changes

Ocean acidification can detrimentally impact anti-predator behaviors of fish (Dix et al., 2010). Ocean acidification is most intensive in the geographic area of the NE Pacific Ocean

**1. Introduction** 

data trends can be incorporated into future models.

in ocean and climate conditions (McFarlane et al., 2000).

**Through Climate Regimes, Overfishing and** 

Donna M. Gibbs, Andrew O. Lamb and Skip J.F. Young

Zhao, K., Popescu, S., et al. (2011). Characterizing forest canopy structure with lidar composite metrics and machine learning. *Remote Sensing of Environment,* 115, pp. (1978-1996),ISSN 0034-4257
