**5. References**

66 The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity – Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution

ability of SSR marker in distinguishing among genotypes, suggesting that indices based on genotypic frequency are more suitable than those based on allelic frequency. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed for this review by using SSR profiles (Fig. 5) and computing data to construct a three-dimensional array of eigenvectors by the DCENTER

The first Component accounted for 9.8% of the total allelic variation, while the second for 9.2% and the third for 6.0%, for a total SSR diversity of 25.0%. This low value suggested that more Components should be considered when representing the PCA and indicated that 16 SSR allowed the screening of a minimal part of the total biodiversity contained by the 30

**3 Dim** 

Fig. 5. Principal Component Analysis of 30 Italian olive cultivars analysed with 16 SSRs.

**1 Dim 2 Dim** 

Molecular markers have become an indispensable tool in plant breeding for both biodiversity studies and quality selection of products. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) reduces entrie redundancy in germplasm collections, reveals cases of synonymy and homonymy in several crops, let a early selection of interesting lines in breeding programs Several classes of molecular markers (ISSR, AFLP, SSR) were screened on more than 80 olive cultivars of the Mediterranean basin at the DiBCA in approximately 10 years, passing from

module of the NTSYS-PC program (Rohlf, 1992).

olive cultivars investigated.

Lines represent vectors.

**3. Conclusions** 


Olive (*Olea Europaea* L.): Southern-Italian Biodiversity

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**4** 

*Chile* 

**(Gramineae) in Chile** 

*2National Museum of Natural History,* 

*1University of Concepción,* 

**Systematic Diversity of the Family Poaceae** 

Víctor L. Finot1, Juan A. Barrera1, Clodomiro Marticorena1 and Gloria Rojas2

The role of Systematics in studies of biodiversity is essential to a variety of studies, including species conservation, extinction, biodiversity hotspots, bio-prospecting and ecosystem function (Alroy, 2002; Scotland & Wortley, 2003; Smith & Wolfson, 2004; Wilson, 2000). The analysis of the biodiversity as well as the analysis of the distribution of species richness at different levels (national, regional), the distribution of the endemic species, the detection of areas whose preservation is necessary and many other topics related to the conservation of the biodiversity requires an important collection effort, so that the organized databases constructed by the herbaria become as comprehensive as possible. Herbarium specimens represent a rich source of information for botanists and ecologists, even though data based on herbaria collections have many limitations, since they are geographically and seasonally biased, and taxonomically incomplete (Crawford & Hoagland, 2009; Delisle et al., 2003; Fuentes et al., 2008; Funk & Richardson, 2002; Ponder et al., 2001). Moreover, it has been established that there is a tendency to a decline in the number of specimens of vascular plants collected in the last years (Prather et al., 2004), although taxonomists are aware that there are still many undescribed species (Smith & Wolfson, 2004). In order to know how many species of grasses exist in Chile, as well as their identity and taxonomic distribution, this chapter provides a checklist of the family Poaceae in Chile, taking into account the nomenclatural changes recently proposed. Moreover, we analyze the completeness of the

inventory of the family represented in two of the most important national herbaria.

late Cretaceous (Bouchenak-Khelladi et al., 2010).

Grasses (Poaceae or Gramineae) are the fifth most diverse family among the flowering plants or Angiosperms and the second most diverse family among the Monocotyledons. Poaceae comprises about 10,000 species in approximately 700 genera (Clayton & Renvoize, 1986; Tzvelev, 1989; Watson & Dallwitz, 1992). Recent evidence suggests that grasses had already diversified during the Cretaceous. The evidence came from phytolith analysis (Prasad et al., 2005), tiny crystals of silica formed in the epidermal cells of leaves or floral bracts of grasses and other plants. The discovery of grass phytoliths in coprolites of titanosaurid sauropods that lived in India 65 to 71 million years ago (Prasad et al., 2005), suggested that grasses and dinosaurs coevolved (Piperno & Sues, 2005). Phylogenetic approach to reveal the evolutionary history of grasses in a biogeographical context suggests that Poaceae originated in the African or South American regions of Gondwana during the

**1. Introduction** 

