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**5. Conclusion** 

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**10** 

**Aquatic Fungi** 

*2La Trobe University* 

*1Germany 2Australia* 

Wurzbacher Christian1, Kerr Janice2 and Grossart Hans-Peter1

Seventy-one percent of our planet's surface consist of water, but only 0.6% are lentic and lotic freshwater habitats. Often taken for granted, freshwaters are immensely diverse habitats and host >10% of all animal and >35% of all vertebrate species worldwide. However, no other major components of global biodiversity are declining as fast and massively as freshwater species and ecosystems. Urbanisation, economic growth, and climate change have increased pressure on freshwater resources, whilst biodiversity has given way to the increasing demands of a growing human population. The adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems include habitat fragmentation, eutrophication, habitat loss, and invasion of pathogenic as well as toxic species. Although there is increasing evidence that freshwater fungal diversity is high, the study of the biodiversity of freshwater fungi is still in its infancy. In light of the rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity, it is timely and necessary to increase our efforts to evaluate the diversity and potential ecological function of

Hyde et al (2007) have estimated that there are approximately 1.5 million fungal species on earth. Of these, only around 3000 species are known to be associated with aquatic habitats and only 465 species occur in marine waters (Shearer et al., 2007). This small proportion of aquatic fungal taxa is surprising because the aquatic environment is a potentially good habitat for many species. Based on this notion we assume that the "real" number of aquatic fungi is much larger than 3000 and includes a large variety of hitherto undescribed species

Aquatic fungi are usually microscopic organisms, which do not produce visible fruiting bodies but grow asexually (anamorphic fungi). Their occurrence in water is rather subtle and specialised methods are needed to examine their diversity, population structure and ecological function. Water associated fungi have been known historically as "phycomycetes", a functionally defined group consisting of "true fungi" (*Eumycota*) and "analogously evolved fungus-like organisms" belonging to *Chromista* (*Oomycetes*, *Thraustochytridiomycetes*). Other groups formerly placed in the fungal kingdom include slime moulds (*Amobae*), *Ichthyosporae (Mesomycetozoea)* and *Actinomycetes (Bacteria)*, which are now recognised as distinct taxa. While the "true fungi" are a sister group to animals, *Oomycetes* are biochemically distinct from fungi while having similar morphology, size and habitat usage (Money, 1998). Colloquially known as "water moulds", they comprise approx. 200 species inhabiting freshwater, mud and soil. Many of these are saprobes or parasites

this fascinating and diverse group of freshwater organisms.

with unknown ecological function.

**1. Introduction** 

*1Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries* 

