**2.4 Genetic diversities among 3 species of** *Dendrolimus* **by AFLP**

The genetic structure and diversity among the 3 natural populations of the *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* Tsai *et* Liu*, D. punctatus spectabilis* Butler and *D. punctatus* Walker were tested with AFLP technique(table11). At population level, gene diversity with in populations (Hs) was 0.0895; coefficient of population differentiation (Gst) was 0.7623. Genetic variation among populations accounted for the genetic diversity of the total population of 76.23%, few portions of variation exist in the population (23.77%). Gene flow between populations Nm (0.1559) on the exchange of genes between populations is not strong, can not be effectively offset by genetic drift caused by population differentiation(table12,13). Clustering results show that *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* Tsai and *D. punctatus* Walker together with a category, with the *D. punctatus spectabilis* Butler together (figure10).


Table 11. List of AFLP primer labels,primer sequences and amplification results of 3 different species of the tested *Dendrolimus*

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Main Species

*condon site* 

*Avg.* 

*First* 

*Second* 

*Third* 

difference mainly exist in interspecies(table19).

variation(table18).

*codon* 

of *Dendrolimus* (Lepidoptera) in China and Influence of Environmental Factors on Them 331

*populations* 

*HTLZYC PQYC HTLZYH* 

*GYM SYC HBY HBY* 

*T 33.2 33.4 33.5 33.5 33.5 33.5 C 9.6 9.1 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.5 A 39.8 40.4 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.2 G 17.5 17.1 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.8 A+T 73 73.8 7.6 73.6 73.6 73.7* 

*T 23 24 23 23 23 23 C 10.0 9.6 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 A 46.9 46.5 46.9 46.9 46.9 46.9 G 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 A+T 69.9 70.5 69.9 69.9 69.9 69.9* 

*T 31 30 31 31 31 31 C 17.7 16.5 17.6 17.7 17.7 17.5 A 33.3 35.0 33.9 33.8 33.8 34.2 G 18.5 18.1 17.7 17.7 17.7 17.7 A+T 64.3 65.0 64.9 64.8 64.8 64.8* 

*T 46 46 47 47 47 47 C 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.9 A 39.0 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 G 14.0 13.2 12.5 12.4 12.4 12.7 A+T 85.0 85.5 86.5 86.5 86.5 86.5* 

Table 15. Nucleotide Frequencey of Cyt b gene of different populations of *Dendrolimus* 

Thirty nine nucleotide sites showed mutation in this sequence fragment and the sequence variability was 10.1%, the measurement sequence encoding 129 amino acids, of which 11 mutations, accounting for 8.5% (table16,17). Nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences in genetic distance was 0.000-0.100 and 0. 000-0.086, indicating a low genetic

Average nucleotide differences of interspecies and intraspecific are 8.968 and 3.934, genetic

Defined eight different haplotypes based on the mtDNA Cyt b of *Dendrolimus* populations with one shared. Four haplotypes were identified in three populations of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* Tsai *et* Liu, accounting for 50%, and with two shared. Analysis of the haplotype and its distribution based on the mtDNA Cyt b, in interspecies has more exclusive haplotypes but the exclusive haplotypes equal the shared haplotypes. *Fst* value and gene flow showed that genetic differentiation mostly existed in interspecies, and among the intraspecific not only the gene flow occurred, but also the genetic differences did(table20,21).

*site ii si sv R TT TC TA TG CC CA CG AA AG GG Avg. 380 6 4 1.45 139 1 3 0 37 1 0 152 5 63 First 130 0 1 0 30 0 1 0 13 0 0 61 0 26 Second 129 1 1 1.33 39 0 0 0 23 0 0 44 0 13 Third 122 6 2 3.04 59 1 2 0 1 0 0 48 5 14* 

Table 16. The base frequency and substitution of nucleotide codes each sites


Note: PYC: *D. punctatus tabulaeformis (*Pingquan population), SC: *D.punctatus spectabilis (*Shenyang population), HM: *D.punctatus* (Walker) (Hunan population)

Table 12. The genetic diversity of 3 different species of the tested *Dendrolimus*


Note: Nei's genetic identity (above diagonal) and genetic distance (below diagonal).

Table 13. Nei's genetic identity and genetic distance of 3 different species of the tested *Dendrolimus* materials

Fig. 10. UPGMA dendrograms based on Nei's genetic distance of 3 species of the tested *Dendrolimus* materials SC

#### **2.5 The genetic polymorphism and genetic differentiation in mitochondrial DNA of 3 species of** *Dendrolimus*

In order to provide the scientific basis for prevention and treatment of *Dendrolimus*, the genetic structure of 3 species of *Dendrolimus* were probed by mitochondrial DNA. Cyt b exhibits an A/T (73.6%) bias across all sites which was the most prominent at the third position of codon with the highest content of 86.5%. A/T bias was no significant difference among the populations. Nucleotide substitution occurred mostly at the third position (table14,15). Transitions were greater than transversions, while substitutions of intraspecific populations were higher than interspecific populations.


Table 14. Nucleotide Frequency and Substitution of Coden in Vary Site


population *Na Ne h I PPB* PYC 1.6746 1.5184 0.2870 0.4140 67.46% SC 1.6555 1.4951 0.2739 0.3961 65.55% HM 1.7010 1.5452 0.3003 0.4326 70.10% Average 1.6770 1.5196 0.2871 0.4142 67.70% All locus 1.9354 1.6707 0.3765 0.5487 93.54%

Note: PYC: *D. punctatus tabulaeformis (*Pingquan population), SC: *D.punctatus spectabilis (*Shenyang

Pop PYC SC HM PYC \*\*\*\* 0.8097 0.8271 SC 0.2111 \*\*\*\* 0.8190 HM 0.1898 0.1997 \*\*\*\*

PYC

HM

SC

Table 12. The genetic diversity of 3 different species of the tested *Dendrolimus*

Note: Nei's genetic identity (above diagonal) and genetic distance (below diagonal).

Table 13. Nei's genetic identity and genetic distance of 3 different species of the tested

Fig. 10. UPGMA dendrograms based on Nei's genetic distance of 3 species of the tested

**2.5 The genetic polymorphism and genetic differentiation in mitochondrial DNA of 3** 

In order to provide the scientific basis for prevention and treatment of *Dendrolimus*, the genetic structure of 3 species of *Dendrolimus* were probed by mitochondrial DNA. Cyt b exhibits an A/T (73.6%) bias across all sites which was the most prominent at the third position of codon with the highest content of 86.5%. A/T bias was no significant difference among the populations. Nucleotide substitution occurred mostly at the third position (table14,15). Transitions were greater than transversions, while substitutions of intraspecific

> condon site *T C A G A+T Ts Tv Ts/Tv First 23 10.0 46.9 20.0 69.9 0 1 0 Second 31 17.5 34.0 17.8 65 1 1 1.33 Third 47 1.1 39.5 12.8 86.5 6 2 3.04 total 33.5 9.5 40.1 16.9 73.6 6 4 1.45*

population), HM: *D.punctatus* (Walker) (Hunan population)

populations were higher than interspecific populations.

Table 14. Nucleotide Frequency and Substitution of Coden in Vary Site

*Dendrolimus* materials

*Dendrolimus* materials

**species of** *Dendrolimus*


Table 15. Nucleotide Frequencey of Cyt b gene of different populations of *Dendrolimus* 

Thirty nine nucleotide sites showed mutation in this sequence fragment and the sequence variability was 10.1%, the measurement sequence encoding 129 amino acids, of which 11 mutations, accounting for 8.5% (table16,17). Nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences in genetic distance was 0.000-0.100 and 0. 000-0.086, indicating a low genetic variation(table18).

Average nucleotide differences of interspecies and intraspecific are 8.968 and 3.934, genetic difference mainly exist in interspecies(table19).

Defined eight different haplotypes based on the mtDNA Cyt b of *Dendrolimus* populations with one shared. Four haplotypes were identified in three populations of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* Tsai *et* Liu, accounting for 50%, and with two shared. Analysis of the haplotype and its distribution based on the mtDNA Cyt b, in interspecies has more exclusive haplotypes but the exclusive haplotypes equal the shared haplotypes. *Fst* value and gene flow showed that genetic differentiation mostly existed in interspecies, and among the intraspecific not only the gene flow occurred, but also the genetic differences did(table20,21).


Table 16. The base frequency and substitution of nucleotide codes each sites

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Main Species

*K*—Average nucleotide differences; *Pi*—Polymorphic index

Note: Fst, lower triangle; Nm, up triangle

Note:Fst, lower triangle; Nm, up triangle

0.005

*tabulaeformis*

HBY

of *Dendrolimus* (Lepidoptera) in China and Influence of Environmental Factors on Them 333

Pop *n S H Hd Pi K*  GYM 3 3 3 1.000 0.00514 2.000 SYC 2 10 2 1.000 0.02571 10.000 HBY 15 24 4 0.670 0.01011 3.934

HTLZYC 9 1 2 0.556 0.00143 0.556 PQYC 2 1 2 1.000 0.00257 1.000 HTLZYH 4 23 4 0.833 0.02999 11.667 total 20 39 8 0.805 0.02306 8.968

Note:n-number of individuals; *H*-Haploid; *Hd*-Haploid diversity index; *S*-sites of diversity;

pop GYM SYC HBY GYM \*\*\* 0.12 0.36 SYC 0.808 \*\*\* 0.17 HBY 0.583 0.744 \*\*\*

pop HTLAYC PQYC HTLZYH HTLZYC \*\*\* 19.00 6.88 PQYC -0.555 \*\*\* -1.40 HTLZYH 0.025 0.067 \*\*\*

Table 21. Genetic differentiation and gene flow between any population of *D. punctatus* 

genetic differentiation was related to ecological environment(figure11).

Fig. 11. NJ dendrogram based on the Cyt b gene sequence of *Dendrolimus*

Cluster analysis showed that the genetic distance between *D. punctatus* Walker and subspecies of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* is relatively close, genetic differentiation exists between *D. punctatus* Walker and sub-species of *D. punctatus spectabilis* Butler and the population

> HTLZYC PQYC HTLZYH

73

64

 GYM SYC

Table 19. Genetic diversity between different populations of *Dendrolimus* 

Table 20. Genetic differentiation and gene flow between any specie of *Dendrolimus*


Note: GYM: *D. punctatus punctatus* Walker(Guiyang population); SYC:*D. punctatus spectabilis* Butler (Shenyang population); HTLZYC, PQYC, HTLZYH: *D.punctatus tabulaeformis (*Pingquan population*)*  Table 17. The base substitution of nucleotide of different populations of *Dendrolimus*


Note: nucleotides, lower triangle; amino acid, up triangle

Table 18. Pairwise distance of Cyt b gene sequence of different populations of *Dendrolimus*


Note:n-number of individuals; *H*-Haploid; *Hd*-Haploid diversity index; *S*-sites of diversity; *K*—Average nucleotide differences; *Pi*—Polymorphic index

Table 19. Genetic diversity between different populations of *Dendrolimus* 


Note: Fst, lower triangle; Nm, up triangle

332 The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity – Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution

*GYM* 

*SYC* 

*HBY* 

*HTLZY C* 

*PQYC* 

*HTLZY H* 

*HBY* 

*code site ii si sv R TT TC TA TG CC CA CG AA AG GG* 

*1st 130 0 0 - 30 0 0 0 13 0 0 61 0 26 2nd 129 0 1 0 39 0 1 0 23 0 0 43 0 24 3rd 128 1 1 1 59 1 1 0 1 0 0 50 0 18 Avg. 387 1 1 0.5 128 1 1 0 37 0 0 154 0 68* 

*1st 127 0 3 0 30 0 2 0 12 1 0 59 0 26 2nd 126 2 2 1 39 0 0 1 21 1 0 44 2 22 3rd 126 1 2 0.5 59 0 1 0 1 0 1 50 1 16 Avg. 379 3 7 0.43 128 0 3 1 34 2 1 153 3 64* 

*1st 130 0 0 - 30 0 0 0 13 0 0 61 0 26 2nd 130 0 0 0.54 40 0 0 0 23 0 0 44 0 23 3rd 126 3 0 5.3 60 1 0 0 1 0 0 50 2 15 Avg. 385 3 1 3.78 130 1 1 0 37 0 0 155 2 64* 

*1st 130 0 0 - 30 0 0 0 13 0 0 61 0 26 2nd 130 0 0 - 40 0 0 0 23 0 0 44 0 23 3rd 128 1 0 - 60 1 0 0 1 0 0 51 0 16 Avg. 388 1 0 - 130 1 0 0 37 0 0 156 0 65* 

*1st 130 1 0 - 30 0 0 0 13 0 0 61 0 26 2nd 130 0 0 - 40 0 0 0 23 0 0 44 0 23 3rd 128 1 0 - 60 1 0 0 1 0 0 51 0 16 Avg. 388 1 0 - 130 1 0 0 37 0 0 156 0 65* 

*1st 130 0 0 - 30 0 0 0 13 0 0 61 0 26 2nd 129 0 1 0.67 39 0 1 0 23 0 0 44 0 23 3rd 120 7 2 4.5 59 0 1 0 1 0 0 47 7 13 Avg. 379 8 2 3.45 129 1 2 0 37 0 0 152 7 62* 

Note: GYM: *D. punctatus punctatus* Walker(Guiyang population); SYC:*D. punctatus spectabilis* Butler (Shenyang population); HTLZYC, PQYC, HTLZYH: *D.punctatus tabulaeformis (*Pingquan population*)* 

> Code 1 2 3 4 5 GYM \*\*\* 0.086 0.016 0.016 0.016 SYC 0.100 \*\*\* 0.070 0.070 0.070 HTLZYC 0.013 0.094 \*\*\* 0.000 0.000 PQYC 0.013 0.094 0.000 \*\*\* 0.000 HTLZYH 0.010 0.091 0.003 0.003 \*\*\*

Table 18. Pairwise distance of Cyt b gene sequence of different populations of *Dendrolimus*

Table 17. The base substitution of nucleotide of different populations of *Dendrolimus*

Note: nucleotides, lower triangle; amino acid, up triangle

Table 20. Genetic differentiation and gene flow between any specie of *Dendrolimus*


Note:Fst, lower triangle; Nm, up triangle

Table 21. Genetic differentiation and gene flow between any population of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis*

Cluster analysis showed that the genetic distance between *D. punctatus* Walker and subspecies of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* is relatively close, genetic differentiation exists between *D. punctatus* Walker and sub-species of *D. punctatus spectabilis* Butler and the population genetic differentiation was related to ecological environment(figure11).

Fig. 11. NJ dendrogram based on the Cyt b gene sequence of *Dendrolimus*

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Main Species

1500bp

200bp

Fig. 13. RAPD profile amplified by primer OP05

Sequence of primer (5′-3′)

OP03 OP05 OP06 OP07 OP08

Primer order

10 primers

1~6: SYC, JZC, QDC, HTM, TDM, YJM. M: molecular marker (100bp DNA ladder)

CTGAGACGGA CTGACGTCAC AGGGCCGTCT TGCCCGTCGT CTCTCCGCCA

Table 23. RAPD Primers of the tested *D. punctatus* Walker materials

Primer Sequences (5'-3') Primer Sequences (5'-3')

Total bands

OP03 CTGAGACGGA 18 12 66.67 OP05 CTGACGTCAC 20 14 70.00 OP06 AGGGCCGTCT 25 19 76.00 OP07 TGCCCGTCGT 22 22 100.00 OP08 CTCTCCGCCA 30 30 100.00 OP12 ACGACCGACA 29 13 44.83 OP13 GTCAGGGCAA 28 28 100.00 SB01 TTCGAGCCAG 29 23 79.31 SB09 TGTCATCCCC 29 23 79.31 P01 GGTCCCTGAC 28 22 78.57 Total 88 73 82.95 Table 24. Result of RAPD on adults of 6 populations of *D. punctatus* Walker materials with

OP12 OP13 SB01 SB09 P01

> Polymorphic bands

ACGACCGACA GTCAGGGCAA TTCGAGCCAG TGTCATCCCC GGTCCCTGAC

> Percentage of polymorphic bands

of *Dendrolimus* (Lepidoptera) in China and Influence of Environmental Factors on Them 335

**2.6 The genetic diversity analysis of 6 populations of** *D. punctatus* **Walker by RAPD**  Rrandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to evaluate genetic diversity of 6 populations of the masson moth *D. punctatus* Walker. Three populations of *D. punctatus* Walker and three populations of geogrophic subspecies of *D. punctatus* Walker - *D. punctatus spectabilis* Bulter were examined and compared(table22).


Table 22. Origin of the tested *D. punctatus* Walker materials

In total, 88 bands whose size ranged between 350 to 1500 bp were produced using 8 primers in RAPD analysis method (figure12-13,table23-24). Out of 88 loci, 73 bands were polymorphic at the species level. The percentages of polymorphic loci (*P*) was 25.19 ℅, the mean number of alleles per locus (*A*) was 1.252, the mean *Nei's* gene diversity (*h*) was 0.052, the mean Shannon's information index (*I*) was 0.090. For the species level, *P*= 82.95 ℅, *A*= 1.830, *h*= 0.234(table25). The coefficient of genetic differentiation between populations based on Shannon information index was 0.7490, which revealed a very high level of genetic differentiation among populations, the number of migrants per generation among populations (*Nm*) was 0.168, which revealed a very low gene flow among populations. The coefficient of genetic differentiation between populations based on *Nei's* genetic diversity was 0.7780 which revealed a very high level of genetic differentiation among populations, the number of migrants per generation among populations (*Nm*) was 0.143(table26,27).

1~6: SYC, JZC, QDC, HTM, TDM, YJM. M: molecular marker (100bp DNA ladder) Fig. 12. RAPD profile amplified by primer OP03

Populations Location Code Latitude and

In total, 88 bands whose size ranged between 350 to 1500 bp were produced using 8 primers in RAPD analysis method (figure12-13,table23-24). Out of 88 loci, 73 bands were polymorphic at the species level. The percentages of polymorphic loci (*P*) was 25.19 ℅, the mean number of alleles per locus (*A*) was 1.252, the mean *Nei's* gene diversity (*h*) was 0.052, the mean Shannon's information index (*I*) was 0.090. For the species level, *P*= 82.95 ℅, *A*= 1.830, *h*= 0.234(table25). The coefficient of genetic differentiation between populations based on Shannon information index was 0.7490, which revealed a very high level of genetic differentiation among populations, the number of migrants per generation among populations (*Nm*) was 0.168, which revealed a very low gene flow among populations. The coefficient of genetic differentiation between populations based on *Nei's* genetic diversity was 0.7780 which revealed a very high level of genetic differentiation among populations, the number of migrants per generation among populations (*Nm*) was 0.143(table26,27).

HTM TDM YJM SYC JZC QDC

Longitude

26° 40′N 109°26′E 26° 07′N 109°46′E 28° 11′N 116°54′E 41° 11′ N 119°23′ E 40° 27′ N 119°51′ E 41° 07′N 121°05′ E

**2.6 The genetic diversity analysis of 6 populations of** *D. punctatus* **Walker by RAPD**  Rrandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to evaluate genetic diversity of 6 populations of the masson moth *D. punctatus* Walker. Three populations of *D. punctatus* Walker and three populations of geogrophic subspecies of *D. punctatus* Walker - *D.* 

*punctatus spectabilis* Bulter were examined and compared(table22).

*D. punctatus punctatus* Walker: Huitong , Hunan Tongdao, Hunan Yujiang , Jiangxi *D. punctatus spectabilis* Butler: Shenyang , Liaoning Jinzhou, Liaoning Qingdao, Shandong

Table 22. Origin of the tested *D. punctatus* Walker materials

1500bp

200bp

Fig. 12. RAPD profile amplified by primer OP03

1~6: SYC, JZC, QDC, HTM, TDM, YJM. M: molecular marker (100bp DNA ladder)

1~6: SYC, JZC, QDC, HTM, TDM, YJM. M: molecular marker (100bp DNA ladder) Fig. 13. RAPD profile amplified by primer OP05


Table 23. RAPD Primers of the tested *D. punctatus* Walker materials


Table 24. Result of RAPD on adults of 6 populations of *D. punctatus* Walker materials with 10 primers

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Main Species

codes.

**liu** 

by SSR (table29).

Artificial pure *Pinus tabulaeformis* forest

Artificial mixed *P. tabulaeformis* forest

Artificial mixed *P. tabulaeformis* forest

Natural pure *P. tabulaeformis* forest

Artificial mixed *P. tabulaeformis* forest

Sub-Population Name

pop1

pop2

pop3

pop4

pop5

county

of *Dendrolimus* (Lepidoptera) in China and Influence of Environmental Factors on Them 337

From pop1 to pop6: SYC, JZC, QDC, HTM, TDM, YJM, See table 22 for abbreviations of population

**2.7 Genetic diversities among 5 sub-populations of** *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* **Tsai** *et*

The pupae of 5 sub-populations of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* were collected in Pingquan, Hebei Province(table28). And the gene diversity and genetic structure of them were assessed

Forest type Mixed tree Direction Vegetation under

North

West

Northeast

South

Southeast

the forest

Few vegetation, pine needle leaf

Few herb, pine needle leaf cover

Few herb, pine needle leaf cover

Herb, pine needle leaf cover

Ferns and bryophyta, pine needle, broad-leaf leaf cover.

cover

Insect prevention

Not control

Not control

Matrine aircraft control district Matrine aircraft control district

Fig. 14. UPGMA dendrograms based on Nei's genetic distance of RAPD markers

none

None

*Pinus armandii*  Franch

Table 28. Origin of the tested *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* materials in Chengde City, Pingquan

*Larix gmelinii* (Ruprecht) Kuzeneva *Quercus mongolicus* Fisch.


Note: *A:* Number of alleles per locus; *Ae:* Effective number of alleles per locus;

*I:* The Shannon information index; *h*: Nei's genetic diversity;

*P:* Percentage of polymorphic loci

Table 25. The genetic variation statistic among populations of *D. punctatus* Walker materials


Table 26. Genetic differentiations among populations of *D. punctatus* Walker materials


Table 27. RAPD estimates of Nei's unbiased genetic distance among 6 populations of *D. punctatus* Walker

Three populations of *D. punctatus* Walker and three populations of *D. punctatus spectabilis*  were clustered into one branch independently: pop1 and pop3 grouped firstly in the first branch, and the pop 4 and pop 5 were first grouped together in the second branch (figure14).

population *A Ae I h P*

Table 25. The genetic variation statistic among populations of *D. punctatus* Walker materials

species *D. punctatus* Walker

Table 26. Genetic differentiations among populations of *D. punctatus* Walker materials

0.870 \*\*\*\* 0.139 0.323 0.322 0.370

Table 27. RAPD estimates of Nei's unbiased genetic distance among 6 populations of *D.* 

Three populations of *D. punctatus* Walker and three populations of *D. punctatus spectabilis*  were clustered into one branch independently: pop1 and pop3 grouped firstly in the first branch, and the pop 4 and pop 5 were first grouped together in the second branch

population SYC JZC QDC HTM TDM YJM

0.724 0.747 \*\*\*\* 0.292 0.313 0.376

*Hsp Hpop*  (*Hpop-Hsp*) /*Hpop N m*

> *Hs Ht Gst Nm*

> > 0.725 0.732 0.880 \*\*\*\* 0.128 0.138

0.691 0.687 0.871 0.820 \*\*\*\* 0.199

0.081 0.071 0.087 0.099 0.089 0.114 0.090 0.359 0.046 0.042 0.048 0.058 0.052 0.069 0.052 0.234

> 0.090 0.359 0.749 0.168

> 0.052 0.234 0.778 0.143

0.610 0.623 0.711 0.637 0.677 \*\*\*\*

23.86 19.32 27.27 27.27 25.00 28.41 25.19 82.95

1.058 1.056 1.059 1.076 1.070 1.096 1.069 1.398

1.239 1.193 1.273 1.273 1.250 1.284 1.252 1.830

Note: *A:* Number of alleles per locus; *Ae:* Effective number of alleles per locus;

*I:* The Shannon information index; *h*: Nei's genetic diversity;

Shannon′s information index

Nei's genetic index

\*\*\*\* 0.121 0.108 0.351 0.351 0.448

SYC JZC QDC HTM TDM YJM

*punctatus* Walker

(figure14).

SYC JZC QDC HTM TDM YJM At population level At species level

*P:* Percentage of polymorphic loci

From pop1 to pop6: SYC, JZC, QDC, HTM, TDM, YJM, See table 22 for abbreviations of population codes.

Fig. 14. UPGMA dendrograms based on Nei's genetic distance of RAPD markers
