**6. Example of tools' integration using pollinators**

Preliminary analyses regarding some Brazilian pollinators and species distribution modeling were recently done. We chose some species of *Melipona* and *Centris* bees (Apidae; Hymenoptera) to forecast the impact of future climate changes (Saraiva et al., in press; Giannini et al., in press).

*Melipona* genus is comprised by eusocial bees that are mainly associated to Atlantic Forest, an endangered moist forest of Brazil. This genus was suggested as an important pollinator to this ecosystem by Ramalho (2004). On the other hand, *Centris* is comprised by solitary species that are especially important to plants that produce floral oil, on which they depend to build their nest and feed their offspring (Simpson 1989).

The analyzed species of *Melipona* were also reported as pollinators of some fruit crops, as açai (*Euterpe oleracea*), avocado (*Persea americana*) and guava (*Psidium guajava*) (Castro, 2002; Venturieri *et al.,* 2008). The *Centris* species were reported as pollinators of acerola (*Malphighia punicifolia*), murici (*Byrsonima crassifolia*), cashew (*Anacardium occidentale*) and tamarind (*Tamarindus indica*) (Castro, 2002; Freitas *et al.,* 2002; Vilhena and Augusto, 2007; Rego *et al.,* 2006; Ribeiro *et al.,* 2008; Siqueira, 2010). Recently, Nunes-Silva et al. (2010) also demonstrated the importance of *M. fasciculate* on performing buzz pollination on tomatoes.

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Some of these crops are cultivated regionally, and in this case, the loss of native pollinators can cause a potentially higher impact on local economy.

To forecast the future distribution of some species pertaining to these two genera, we used a moderate scenario of climate change to the years 2050 and 2080 and we find an alarming decreasing of potential areas of occurrence to all species. *Melipona* species presented the highest decrease, but *Centris* species presented a remarkable fragmentation on future suitable habitats. For genetic reasons, bees are particularly sensitive to the effects of small population size through the production of sterile males (Zayed and Packer, 2005; Alves *et al.,* 2011). Therefore, small fragmented areas could not be able to maintain viable population.

Nevertheless, some areas were highlighted as possible areas of conservation to these bees, because they are suitable now and will remain like this in the future. These areas can be considered as important areas in a large scale study about pollinators' conservation. Another interesting approach to conserve genetic diversity of these organisms is to associate the genetic variability of the populations with the future distribution maps and check if the populations with larger genetic variability are found in the possible remaining refuge areas. As discussed previously, this genetic variability can be measured by morphometric or molecular methods. The comparison of the current distribution of the genetic variability with the future scenarios for species distribution is of fundamental importance to verify if this variability will be naturally preserved or if other public actions will be necessary to a more effective conservation.
