**5. References**

344 The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity – Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution

Ecological variables *A Ae h I P*  Longitude -0.6658 -0.7367 -0.7506 -0.7470 -0.6686 Latitude -0.3489 -0.4182 -0.4048 -0.4151 -0.3499 Altitude -0.3564 -0.3312 -0.3487 -0.3357 -0.3601 Annual precipitation 0.6324 0.9161\* 0.8632\* 0.8927\* 0.6370 Annual temperature 0.7246 0.8507\* 0.8554 0.8570\* 0.7282 Annual moisture 0.6265 0.6034 0.6423 0.6212 0.6302 Note: \* p<0.05, notable correlativity; \*\* p<0.01, high notable correlativity; *A:* Number of alleles per locus; *Ae:* Effective number of alleles per locus; *I:* The Shannon information index; *h:* Nei's genetic index *P:*

Table 41. Correlation of the genetic diversity and the ecological factors of 6 populations of *D.* 

**3.4 The influence of ecological factors on the genetic diversity of 5 sub-populations of** 

The population genetic variability and genetic structure of 5 sub-populations of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis* in Pingquan city, Hebei province were analyzed using SSR. The influence of ecological factors on the genetic diversity is also discussed by the correlation analysis. The genetic index has positive relation with ecological factors weakly. The genetic index has positive relationship with ecological factors but not significant(table42). Stand type, slope, aspect and altitude were the main traits account for the genetic diversity according to the

variables *A Ae I Ho He h P*  Altitude (m) 0.8238 0.8552 0.8158 -0.1849 0.6753 0.6717 0.6023 Aspect -0.7505 -0.3947 -0.3622 0.7219 -0.1426 -0.1371 -0.3294 Slope 0.8251 0.8348 0.8591 0.2665 0.8227 0.8216 0.5535 Note:\*P<0.05, \*\*P<0.01, \*\*\*P<0.001 *A*: Number of alleles per locus; *Ae*: Effective number of alleles per locus; *I*: The Shannon information index; *Ho*: Observed heterozygosity; *He*: Expected heterozygosity; *P*:

Table 42. Correlation of genetic diversity and the ecological factors of five sub-populations

For *Dendrolimus*, beside of population control, there were a few evidences for genetic structure and population differentiation of them. For such aspect, this paper may be a more effective approach, and morphological diversities, allozyme, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR,

The results shows that a very high level of genetic differentiation and a very low gene flow among the species of populations of *D*. *punctatus* When *Nm* < 1, the mutational pressure is not strong enough to prevent that allele from reaching high frequency, gene flow can't counterbalance genetic drift, and genetic drift will result in substantial local differentiation. There are great differences on genetic diversity of *Dendrolimus* populations in different

mitochondrial DNA and SSR should be the best probe tools.

Percentage of polyporphic loci

*D. punctatus tabulaeformis* 

Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

*punctatus* Walker

Ecological

Percentage of polyporphic loci

of *D. punctatus tabulaeformis*

**4. Conclusions** 


[15] Ren Z M, Ma E B, Guo Y P. Genetic relationships among *Oxya agavisa* and other relative species revealed by cyt b sequences. Acta Genetica Sinica, 2002, 29(6):507-513.

**15** 

*Brazil* 

**Biodiversity in a Rapidly Changing World:** 

Biodiversity science has been evolving quickly and moved from a focus on systematics and taxonomy in the 1970–80s, to a more dynamic view of biodiversity's role in ecosystem functioning throughout the 1990s. The early 2000s have placed biodiversity within the context of ecosystem services and human well-being, and some efforts are currently focusing on putting this concept into practice, and on valuing and mapping ecosystem services in order to shed light on economic and environmental consequences of decisions

Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems (Seppelt et al., 2011). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA, 2005) contributed substantially to pose the ecosystem services concept as a policy tool to achieve the sustainable use of natural resources bringing a broad research approach, where ecological, economic and institutional perspectives are integrated to produce insights into human impacts on ecosystems and the

In December 2010, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was asked to convene a meeting to determine modalities and institutional arrangements of a new assessment body to track causes and consequences of anthropogenic ecosystem change (Perrings et al., 2011). This was an important step to the foundation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) that works closely with UNESCO, FAO, UNDP and other relevant organizations (Larigauderie and Mooney, 2010b). The establishment of IPBES provides an important link with international policy, proposing a relationship between key scientific organizations, environmental policy bodies, and research funding organizations, which is a critical feature to address both scientific capacity and the policy relevance of research aiming to build capacity for and

As pointed out by Mooney et al. (2009), the capacity of ecosystems to deliver essential services to society is already under stress and it is urgent to track the changing status of ecosystems, deepen the understanding of the biological underpinnings for ecosystem service delivery and develop new tools and techniques for maintaining and restoring resilient biological and social systems. Additionally, solving problems posed by global change requires coordinated international research, and as much attention to social science

**1. Introduction** 

(Larigauderie and Mooney, 2010a).

welfare effects of management policies.

strengthen the use of science in policy making.

as it does to natural science (Carpenter et al. 2009).

**How to Manage and Use Information?** 

Antonio M. Saraiva and Vera L. Imperatriz-Fonseca

Tereza C. Giannini, Tiago M. Francoy,

*University of São Paulo* 

