**1. Introduction**

108 The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity – Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution

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> The Atlantic Forest (a hotspot for conservation) used to be the second largest tropical moist forest of South America (Oliveira-Filho & Fontes, 2000). It originally covered 20% (around 1.5 million km2) of the Brazilian territory and occupied highly heterogeneous environmental conditions (Ribeiro et al., 2009). Nowadays, however, the Atlantic Forest covers less than 1% of the country or 7.5% of remnants (Myers et al., 2000). When intermediate secondary forests and small fragments (< 100 ha) are included, this contribution increases, ranging from 11.4 to 16% (Ribeiro et al. 2009). The Atlantic Forest still comprises 20000 plant species, 8000 being endemic (Myers, 2000).

> For instance, in the 1950s, 40% of the Atlantic Forest still covered almost all the state of Paraná in Southern Brazil (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica et al., 1998). During the following three decades, habitats that took thousands of years to evolve continued to be destroyed. What remains today covers an area 9.5 times smaller (10.58%) than the original area (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica & INPE, 2010). This coincided with a period when the government aimed at an "economic development". However, this erroneous decision caused an irreparable loss of ecosystem functions (e.g. amount and quality of water, soil, carbon stocks, biodiversity, etc). Once more, immediate "development" led to the loss of a valuable ecosystem that had potential to bring true and sustainable development. The respect for the natural dynamics of ecosystems and species evolution is rarely presented in environmental discussions. Therefore it is timely to study biodiversity and to promote its management and restoration.

> This chapter aims at discussing tree diversity of different formations of the Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil, using data from phytosociological studies carried out in the state of Paraná. This study attempts to assess the following questions:

> What ecosystems are understudied in terms of phytosociological surveys? Are the tree species richness and diversity of the different formations of these Atlantic Forests sufficiently known? What are the tree species richness and the diversity when considering only individuals found in phytosociological surveys? What species are the most abundant in each ecosystem evaluated? What are the differences and similarities among these formations?

Arboreal Diversity of the Atlantic Forest

**formation Municipality Location** 

Rainforest; SSF – Semidecidual Seasonal Forest).

**<sup>N</sup>Forest** 

of Southern Brazil: From the Beach Ridges to the Paraná River 111

1 Lowland DRF Guaraqueçaba Ilha do Superagui 12 Jaster (1995) 2 Lowland DRF Guaratuba Guaratuba 10 Galvão et al. (2002) 3 Lowland DRF Matinhos Matinhos 10 Galvão et al. (2002) 4 Lowland DRF Paranáguá Ilha do Mel 5 Menezes Silva (1990) 5 Alluvial DRF Guaraqueçaba Itaqui Reserve/site1 20 Zacarias (2008) 6 Alluvial DRF Guaraqueçaba Itaqui Reserve/site2 20 Zacarias (2008) 7 Submontane DRF Antonina Cachoeira Reserve 350 Liebsch et al*.* (2007) 8 Submontane DRF Guaraqueçaba Morro do Quitumbe 200 Athayde (1997) 9 Submontane DRF Guaraqueçaba Morro do Superagui 20-170 Jaster (1995) 10 Submontane DRF Guaratuba Rio Cubatãozinho 400 Guapyassu (1994) 11 Submontane DRF Morretes Morretes 485 Silva (1994) 12 Submontane DRF Morretes Serra da Prata/site1 400-600 Blum (2006) 13 Montane DRF Guaratuba Morro dos Perdidos 800 Blum et al. (2001) 14 Montane DRF Morretes Serra da Prata/site2 800-1100 Blum (2006) 15 Montane DRF Piraquara Mananciais da Serra 1030 Reginato & Goldenberg (2007) 16 Montane DRF Quatro Barras Morro Anhangava/site2 1150 Roderjan (1994) 17 Montane DRF São José dos Pinhais Guaricana/site1 500-700 Schorn (1992) 18 Montane DRF São José dos Pinhais Guaricana/site2 500-700 Schorn (1992) 19 Upper Montane DRF Morretes Pico Marumbi 1385 Rocha (1999) 20 Upper Montane DRF Quatro Barras Morro Anhangava/site3 1300 Portes et al. (2001) 21 Upper Montane DRF Quatro Barras Morro Anhangava/site1 1350 Roderjan (1994) 22 Upper Montane DRF Morretes Serra da Prata/site3 1400 Scheer et al. (in press a) 23 Upper Montane DRF Antonina Serra do Ibitiraquire 1700 Scheer et al. (in press a) 24 Upper Montane DRF Morretes Serra da Igreja 1300 Scheer et al. (in press a) 25 Upper Montane DRF Guaraqueçaba Serra Gigante 950 Scheer et al. (in press a) 26 Upper Montane DRF Morretes Morro Mãe Catira 1300 Koehler (2001) 27 Upper Montane DRF Tijucas do Sul Morro Araçatuba 1400 Koehler (2001) 28 Upper Montane DRF São José dos Pinhais Serra do Salto 1300 Koehler (2001) 29 Upper Montane DRF Morretes Morro Vigia 1300 Koehler (2001) 30 Alluvial ARF Araucária Distr.General Lúcio/site1 897 Pasdiora (2003) 31 Alluvial ARF Araucária Distr.General Lúcio/site2 897 Pasdiora (2003) 32 Alluvial ARF Araucária Rio Barigui 875 Barddal et al*.* (2004) 33 Alluvial ARF Pinhais Pinhais/site2 850 Seger et al. (2005) 34 Alluvial ARF São José dos Pinhais Rio Miringuava/site1 880 Jaster et al. (2002) 35 Montane ARF Curitiba Barigui Park 900 Kozera et al. (2006) 36 Montane ARF Curitiba Capão do Tigre 900 Rondon Neto et al. (2002) 37 Montane ARF General Carneiro Fazenda Pizzato 990 Watzlawick et al. (2005) 38 Montane ARF Guarapuava Fazenda 3 Capões/site1 950 Cordeiro (2010) 39 Montane ARF Guarapuava Fazenda 3 Capões/site2 950 Cordeiro (2010) 40 Montane ARF Guarapuava Fazenda 3 Capões/site3 950 Cordeiro (2010) 41 Montane ARF Guarapuava Fazenda 3 Capões/site4 950 Cordeiro (2010) 42 Montane ARF Guarapuava Araucárias Park 1070 Cordeiro & Rodrigues (2007) 43 Montane ARF Jaguariaíva Paredão da Santa 1195 Blum (ongoing study) 44 Montane ARF Pinhais Pinhais/site1 850 Seger et al. (2005) 45 Montane ARF São João do Triunfo São João do Triunfo 780 Durigan (1999) 46 Montane ARF São José dos Pinhais Rio Miringuava/site2 910 Jaster et al. (2002) 47 Montane ARF Tijucas do Sul Tijucas do Sul 850 Geraldi et al. (2005) 48 Montane ARF Tijucas do Sul Fazenda Bührer 850 Geraldi et al. (2005) 49 Alluvial SSF Diamante do Norte Caiuá Ecol.Station/site1 250 Borghi et al. (2004) 50 Alluvial SSF Diamante do Norte Caiuá Ecol.Station/site2 250 Costa Filho et al. (2006) 51 Alluvial SSF Porto Rico Alto Paraná 240 Campos et al. (2000) 52 Alluvial SSF Londrina Ribeirão dos Apertados 500 Bianchini et al. (2003) 53 Submontane SSF Astorga Ribeirão Aurora 550 Veiga et al. (2003) 54 Submontane SSF Diamante do Norte Caiuá Ecol.Station/site3 280 Del Quiqui et al. (2007) 55 Submontane SSF Londrina Mata dos Godoy Park 500 Soares-Silva et al. (1998) 56 Submontane SSF Sapopema Fazenda Bom Sucesso 780 Silva et al. (1995) 57 Submontane SSF Tomazina Rio das Cinzas 500 Blum et al. (2003) 58 Submontane SSF Umuarama Estrada Boiadeira 450 Blum & Petean (2008) Table 1. List of the analyzed fores sites in Atlantic Forest formations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (N - site number used in this study; DRF – Dense Rainforest; ARF – Araucaria

**(site)** 

**Alt.** 

**(m a.s.l.) Reference** 
