**Part 2**

**Experimental Studies and Modeling Applications** 

110 Soil Erosion Studies

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Rey, J.M., Navarro, J., Espigares, T., Nicolau, J.M. and Zavala, M.A. (2005). Effects of

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**6** 

*Tehran Iran* 

**Investigation of Effective Factors on Runoff** 

Erosion is a process in which soil materials are transported by water, wind and gravity. This phenomenon is one of the environmental issues which has undesirable effects on all natural ecosystems and is considered as a serious risk for well- being of human. The amount of erosion in Iran in 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991 has been estimated to be 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2.2 billion Ton/Year, respectively (Ahmadi, 2006). This trend emphasizes that knowledge about erosion process for presenting suitable measures for decrease of erosion in

Many studies have been performed for proper recognition and quantification of the effective factors and processes of erosion and by combining these factors, equations for prediction of soil erosion are developed, but many effective factors and processes of erosion are still

Important Quaternary deposits on northeastern parts of Iran, in Kopeh- Dagh Geological Zone, are Loess deposits which are widespread and significant from the view point of agriculture and animal husbandry. Iranian loesses are part of Eurasian loesses belt which spread from north Europe to Central Asia to China and belong to Pleistocene. A major part of Iranian loesses are present between Atrak and Gorganrood Rivers in Golestan Province with thickness of about 70 meters which cover Tertiary and Mesozoic Geological Units (Frechen et al., 2009). Primary loesses have originated from periglacial regions of higher latitudes, then northerly winds have transported these materials which after passing Turkmanestan Kavir and forming widespread sand dunes on these areas, lots of silt particles have been transported to the south as suspended materials. These wind storms have lost their power. After encountering Kopeh- Dagh Mountain Ranges in northeast part and Alborz Ranges in north part, these wind storms have lost their power and materials

have been deposited in area of Golestan Province (Ahmadi and Feiznia, 2006).

**1. Introduction** 

Iran is very important.

unknown.

**Generation and Sediment Yield of Loess** 

**Deposits Using Rainfall Simulator** 

*3Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Center,* 

S. Feiznia1, M. Nohtani2,

*1University of Tehran, Karaj 2University of Zabol, Zabol* 

H. Ahmadi1 and H. Peyrowan3
