**7. Conclusions**

104 Soil Erosion Studies

**/Rainfall Years Author** 

1000 mm 1 Mayor and Rodà,

1000 mm 1 Espelta et al.,

Henares, 416 mm 3 Rey et al., 2005,

300-400 mm 1 Alloza and

420 mm 40 www.creaf.uab.es/

391 mm 10 Badía et al., 2007

300 mm 1 Alloza and

300 mm 3 Maestro et al.,

277 mm 6 Cortina et al.,

391 mm 10 Badía et al., 2007

277 mm 6 Cortina et al.,

345 mm 1 Viñuales and

700 mm 1 Abril and Gracia,

300 mm 3 Maestro et al.,

391 mm 10 Badía et al., 2007

345 mm 1 Viñuales and

305 mm 1 Blanco, 1991

Henares, 416 mm 3 Rey et al., 2005,

Alcalá de

Spain

Alloza, Teruel

Alicante

Alcalá de

Alloza

Alicante

Fraga

Alloza, Teruel

Fraga

Table 7. Survival and growth of woody species used in restoration of areas affected by fires and other disturbances. Abbreviatures: S. Survival; HGR. Height growth rate; DGR.

1992

1993

Vallejo, 1999

iefc

Vallejo, 1999

2003

2004

2004

Badía, 1995.

1989

2003

Badía, 1995

**Species Survival and/or growth Location** 

*Q. ilex* DGR: 0.87 mm/year Montseny

*Q. ilex* S: 92-70-38% Montseny

DGR: 1,4-2,7 mm/year

S: 58% (1992 year), 54% (1993) and 11% (1994)

*Q. ilex* DGR: 0,87-0,94 mm/year Almatret

cm/year. DGR=1,0-1,5 mm/year

*Q. coccifera* S: 40% (1993) and 0% (1994) España

*Q. coccifera* S: 10-20% Campello

DGR: 0,055-1,05 mm/year

DGR: 1,3-2,2 mm/year

80,9 % (70,4-86,7). HGR=6,1 cm/year (2,9-8,2). DGR= 2,1 mm/year (1,5-3,0)

DGR: 1,4 mm/year

DGR: 1,1 mm/year

*P. lentiscus* DGR: 1,9 mm/year Garraf

*P. lentiscus* S: 0-10% Campello

S: 61,7%(45,8-71,4).HGR=11,1 cm/year. (8,3-14,0). DGR=2,1 mm/year (1,7-2,6)

DGR: 0,1 mm/year

*J. phoenicea* S: 47% Peñaflor

*Q. ilex* S: 5-95%. HGR: 6,3-12,6 cm/year.

*Q. coccifera* S: 34,1 % (17,9-54,2). HGR=1,5-6,6

*Q. coccifera* S: <40 %. HGR: 1,6-4,7 cm/year.

*Q. coccifera* S: 2.5-80%. HGR: 3,5-12,4 cm/year.

*P. lentiscus* S: <40 % HGR: 5,3 cm/year.

*P. lentiscus* S: 100%; HGR: 5,02 cm/year.

*J. phoenicea* S: 94%. HGR: 2,51 cm/year.

*Q. ilex* 

*P. lentiscus* 

*J. phoenicea* 

Diameter growth rate.

In the semi-arid environments of NE-Spain, there are different types of soil conditioned by the lithology of the substrate derived, and whose erosion reponse is significantly divergent. Thus the calcareous burned soils with low stoniness and loamy clay texture, as well as eroded gypsiferous soils, show runoff and erosion levels higher than gypsiferous soils, and especially that colluvial soils. The coverage provided by vegetation is a key element to stop sheet erosion on these soils. The combined effect of heat and ash incorporation involves a number of changes in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soils affected by wildfire. These effects vary according to intensity of the fire, the amount of ash incorporated and soil characteristics starting. The protective measures such seeding and mulching treatments involve a significant reduction of sediment yield in the first years after fire, higher in eroded gypsiferous soils than in fertile calcareous ones. The remycorrhization is not effective when the soil mycorrhizal status has already been recovered from the effects of fire.

In the forest domain of the area there is a diversity of species whose response after the fire is clearly different. Those with resprouting shrub species tend to recover its previous status faster, the vegetal recovery is higher and temporarily stable. In mature Aleppo's pine forest, the germination of pine is high; the pine density is 3-times higher before than after fire, although it will be prgressively reduced. The shrub and woody species introduced show a differential response according to the soil in which they are implanted and restoration techniques, especially related to soil water conditions.

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