**9. Acknowledgement**

Volker Diekmann, Hans-Peter Müller, Jan Kassubek and Alexander Unrath (all University of Ulm) are thankfully acknowledged for their help in the course of the fMRI and DTI experiments and data analyses. Special thanks to Sonja Fuchs and Sandra Pauli (University of Ulm) for technical assistance in MRI measurements and Johanna Heimrath for her help with the manuscript. We would like to thank Corinna Hendrich, Regina Gastl and Anne Sperfeld (all University of Ulm) for supporting us in the recruitment of patients. Special thanks to the patients and healthy subjects who participated in our studies.

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**3** 

*Japan* 

**Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease with** 

*Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and* 

Recently, the exploration of human brain function was examined in cognitive neuroscience and brain science. Along with the development of engineering technology, such as measurement technology, information technology, and artificial intelligence, we can record the brain activity on the timeframe of milliseconds or at the level of a single neuron to examine basic visual function or high level brain function (e.g., memory, language, or attention). In this chapter, we introduce a new research field that combines engineering and cognitive neuroscience, which was named "Neuromedical Engineering". We focused our research on five topics: 1. tactile perception and neurology (Yang et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2010a, 2011; Wu et al., 2010a, 2011); 2. attention and cognitive brain function (Wu & Li, 2009) and multisensory integration (Li et al, 2009a, 2010a, 2010b; Touge et al., 2008; Wu & Kakura, 2010; Wu et al., 2009); 3. basic visual cognition (Li et al., 2009b; Wu et al., 2011; Yan et al., 2011); 4. language (Cai et al., 2007; Li et al., 2011a, 2011b; Wu et al., 2007); and 5. tactile perception and rehabilitation (Bai et al., 2010). Focusing on these five topics, we provide information on human brain function and neurology. Furthermore, using these cognitive and neurological methods, we are challenging the topic of "Early Detection of Alzheimer's

The earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves learning, memory or planning problems. Currently, no medical tests are available to diagnose AD conclusively premortem. However, several studies have used cognitive tasks (i.e., visuospatial tasks and language tasks) to discover preclinical cognitive markers of AD. These studies demonstrated that the cognitive deficits of AD can possibly be detected during a preclinical period that spans several years. In addition, numerous neuropathological, electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies support the hypothesis that cognitive deficits in AD are related to a possible disconnection between cortical areas. In this chapter, we describe current studies and possible future experiments on the early diagnosis method using cognitive and

People with AD die an average of four to six years after diagnosis, but the duration of the disease can vary from three to 20 years. As shown in Fig. 1, the rate of cognitive decline in patients with AD was faster than healthy subjects after a specific point (before diagnosis). This specific point may be detectable using memory and planning tasks, such as visuospatial and language tasks. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cognitive

**1. Introduction** 

Disease with Cognitive Neuroscience Methods".

functional imaging testing to help with the clinical diagnosis of AD.

deficits of AD can be detected using some simplex cognitive tests.

**Cognitive Neuroscience Methods** 

Jinglong Wu, Chunlin Li and Jiajia Yang

*Technology, Okayama University, Okayama,* 

Zhang Y, Schuff N, Du AT, et al. White matter damage in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease measured by diffusion MRI. Brain 2009;132:2579– 2592.
