**1. Introduction**

218 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice

Zambrano O, Deluchi B & Hevia J. Síndrome hemolítico urémico en Santiago de Chile:

48-56

Evolución de la función renal y factores pronósticos. *Rev Chil Pediatr* 2005;76:

Parkinson syndrome is one of the most often neurodegenerative diseases, which affects the Central Nervous system**.** James Parkinson was the first who described the clinical symptoms of factor complex, a complex which can be present as a combination of six cardinal signs: tremor, rigor, bradikinesia-hypokinesia, curve pose, lose of postural reflexes and freezing phenomena. To get to the final diagnose, the clinicians usually use the Brain Bank Criteria of UKPDS [9].

Generally, there are four categories of Parkinsonism: Idiopathic Parkinson Disease; Secondary Parkinsonism; Parkinson plus syndrome and other neurodegenerative diseases in which Parkinsonism is main clinical manifestation [7].

Idiopathic Parkinson disease is the most represented type of Parkinsonism and it is maintained in almost 80 percents of the patients with movement disorders. Mostly with unilateral presentation, well respons on Dopamine-agonists and Levodopa, characterized with general slowness and typical tremor, from 4 to 6 Herz.

The basic patho-anatomical findings in patients with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease, is loss of neurons which contain neuromelanin. These neurons are located in particular parts of the brain, such as substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. Dopamine level is reduced for almost 80 percents under normal level, especially in striatum [7].

Hystopatological findings direct to presence of intracellular inclusions called Lewy-body, primary in substantia nigra, and they contain alpha-synuclein.

Alpha-synuclein is present in many parts of the brain, but mostly in substantia nigra, and it is the only synuclein included in Parkinson disease. It was found that two non-sence mutations in gene of alpha-synuclein, A53T and A30P, are closely related with early appearance of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease between populations in Europe. Accumulation of this protein in dopaminergic neurons is responsible for the process of neurodegeneration [20].

#### **2. Aims**


Clinical and Genetic Aspects in Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease 221

Years N % 30-39 4 12.5 40-49 5 15.62 50-59 16 50.0 60-69 5 15.62 70 > 2 6.26 Total 32 100

**56,25**

mal femal

Median = 50 Min=30 Max=78

In table 3 and picture 3, the representation of neurological symptoms with extra pyramidal

The objective neurogical finding, confirmed the presence of rigidity and hypertonia with extrapyramidal origin, to all 32 respondents. This also happened with tremor, which is one

Dyskinesia, as a symptom of long-lasting usage of substitution therapy (levodopa), is found

Number % Number % Number %

in 15 patients (46.9%) and lack of these symptoms is seen in 17 patients (53.1%).

Symptoms Rigidity Tremor Dyskinesia

Present 32 100 32 100 15 46.88 Absent / / / / 17 53.12 Total 32 100 32 100 32 100

Gender N % Males 18 56.25 Females 14 43.75 Total 32 100

Table 1. Respondents distribution by gender

**43,75**

Fig. 1. Respondents distribution by gender

Mean = 52.75±10.3

origin, typical for diagnosed with IPD, is presented.

Table 3. Rigidity, tremor and dyskinesia distribution

Table 2. Respondents distribution by age

of the key symptoms of IPD.
