**3. Methodological strategy**

Through sectoral comparison and the use of the Fifth Systemic Helix (QHS in Spanish) methodology [15, 16], an evolution of the Triple Helix component of the economic growth model of the sixties of the twentieth century, but contextualized to the reality of the new century and the global trends of economic development, a series of methodological alternatives and systemic variables are proposed, according to the QHS methodology for the cooperative sector and the social solidarity economy (ESS) for the exploration of research that approaches the determinants of the state of development and its competitiveness.

*Perspective Chapter: Prospective of Sectoral Competences for the Design of Dictionaries… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109457*


#### **Table 2.**

*Typology of skills necessary for professional development.*

**Table 2** presents a relationship of actions developed with the QHS methodology, thereby generating indicators for the sectors: cooperatives, cooperative education, government (public management for cooperatives), cooperative associations (including the perspectives and expectations of society on cooperatives and the social solidarity economy) and cooperative consultants, representing a frame of reference for the systemic evaluation of the development of cooperatives local, regional, and international (models of good practices).

The vein proposals for future research in the cooperative sector and social solidarity economy (ESS) are raised through a methodology called Fifth Systemic Helix (QHS). **Table 3** conceptually describes the different types of skills. One of the great


#### **Table 3.**

*Typology of systemic competences for professional development.*

values of solidarity companies is their cooperative nature and ability to manage organizational work in education, training, and awareness of associativity.

The proposal of the QHS-ESS variables leads to the beginning of a multisectoral relationship with unity and synergies orientation toward the improvement of the conditions of the principles of cooperatives and the social solidarity economy in the face of the challenges of an increasingly globalized economy and with requirements of quality management systems and international competitiveness.

It is worth mentioning the context of the historical development of cooperative companies; it was born at the height of the Industrial Revolution, under two large branches and with a great diversity of activities, the first focused on consumer activities and the second on production or industrial activities. In the same way as a capitalist company, the cooperative company has the function of producing; however, its objective or purpose is not to obtain maximum benefit or profit, but rather the development and well-being of its members, thereby covering the essence of the social solidarity economy companies.

Within the systemic approach to cooperatives, it is convenient to mention the seven cooperative principles, which are:


The cooperative sector represents a fertile scenario for the development of the welfare of the social economy, through the combination of different forms and articulation of efforts of sectors and activities of inter-cooperatives, generating and consolidating the sustainability of the organizations, the approach of the variables of cooperatives, the perspective of the principles of research in cooperatives and social solidarity economy is addressed and that, through systemic research, opportunities are identified to strengthen through education and cooperative values a collective wealth, generating with it, development of successful cooperative models. Prospective of sectoral competences for the design of dictionaries of professional competences and research, cooperative sector in Mexico, research topics are:


*Perspective Chapter: Prospective of Sectoral Competences for the Design of Dictionaries… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109457*


Within the framework of the project to form a NODESS program in the city of Tijuana, through the call of the National Institute of Social Economy (INAES) for the articulation sector through the leadership of higher education institutions, the Technological Nacional of México, Tijuana Campus has taken the initiative derived from the development and direction of educational programs for different sectors of society with impact in the social economy, the Research and Information Center for the Social Economy and Solidarity (CIRIEC Mexico North Region), with the objective of systematizing experiences and dissemination of social economy and solidarity models. Active participation in the Honorary Presidency of the Social Economy Commission of the Development Ecosystem Economic Department of the Tijuana City Council, in addition to international links.

Preliminary studies by observatory researchers [17] promoted the design of dictionaries that have been used to define the competencies of the sector as a strategy to improve and promote continuing education and professional updating. **Figure 2** NODESS TIJUANA program operation model, necessary for professional development and issues concerning the master's in administration program [18] that have been addressed by the academic body project called "Sectoral Competitiveness and Innovation," which included a multidisciplinary group of professors and researchers of the Department of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, of the National Technological of Mexico, Tijuana Campus (TecNM).

**Figure 2.** *NODESS TIJUANA program operation model. Reference: Own elaboration (2022).*

TecNM Tijuana currently leads the project of the Federal Government Secretariat of the Interior in Mexico to promote Nodes for the Promotion of the Social and Solidarity Economy (NODESS), it is a program that articulates the efforts of municipal institutions, cooperatives, and higher education institutions. Through the master's in administration program, applied research is developed to strengthen the capacities of sectors, such as the medical tourism cluster, determining the training and educational skills of all sectors involved in the provision of labor, professional, and research services [19].

According to the UN [8] "The SDGs are appropriate mechanisms that will allow the population and its leaders to jointly participate in the search for social consensus and reduce the gaps." The 17 Sustainable Development Goals, and their 169 goals, affect the structural causes of poverty, combat inequalities, and generate opportunities to improve the quality of life of the population within a framework of sustainable development. **Table 4** presents the sustainable development objectives that integrate the NODESS TIJUANA program. This important agenda serves as a launching pad for action by the international community, governments, as well as law enforcement agencies civil society, academia, and the private sector, in order to address the three interconnected elements of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.


*Perspective Chapter: Prospective of Sectoral Competences for the Design of Dictionaries… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109457*


#### **Table 4.**

*Bank of questions to determine dictionary of sectoral competences.*

### **4. Results**

The present investigation generated various strategies for the construction of the variables that would generate the elements, constructs, and scaffolding necessary for the design of a model based on an observatory for monitoring the results socioeconomic and employability of students, graduates, and even students who failed to complete their professional or postgraduate studies.

For TecNM Tijuana, it is a matter of concern, since it is national policy to promote professional training since it affects the future development and social progress of the country. In addition, having an educated population reflects the country's competitiveness and innovation in the face of global challenges [20].

The first methodological approach of this research was based on a prospective study on the certification of competencies in Mexico. This study generated the current standards for study programs in technological higher education, specifically those that lead to engineering careers in various economic regions of the nation. In Mexico, there are three regions, known as north, center, and south, and each of these regions has specific needs for commercial vocations and ecosystems based on their natural environments and very different socioeconomic developments, supported by their business vocations associated with their strategic sectors that make up their economic development ecosystems.

This study generated the principles for the design of sectorial competence dictionaries (DSC) that propose competence standards in order to certify the knowledge, skills, and understanding acquired according to the occupational profiles of engineering graduates in an effort to produce personnel highly qualified and prepared to respond to the needs of business sectors [21]. That is why the National Technological of Mexico, Tijuana Campus at the national level is the technological higher education institution that generates 50% of the enrollment of engineering graduates in Mexico since 1948, with currently more than 600,000 students with 254 campuses throughout the national territory.

As a product of a systematically developed method, the structure of the empirical database was defined for the observatory's approach to monitor the employability results of engineers trained by the National Technological Institute of Mexico Tijuana.

The results will be of a public nature and may be used to collect information and targeted feedback that will influence strategic decisions and actions in different sectors, not only for this study, but also for research and development programs in different sectors of the industry. Periodic reports from the observatory will provide feedback on relevant needs and gaps in management education and development programs, including job and business acumen, research, and soft skills, according to local, national, and global challenges. Described below are the data mining elements that defined the electronic survey inquiries that will be circulated as a plan among students and graduates representing more than 35,000 graduates from the Tijuana campus alone.

The first preliminary results of the in-depth interviews carried out with engineering professionals who have successfully graduated from the National Technological of Mexico Tijuana Campus, raised central issues, which will be considered pillars of the necessary skills for the employability of graduates of engineering study programs, as well as the knowledge and specializations required. **Figure 3** describes the road map of the model to develop dictionaries of sectoral competences.

The methodological proposal to develop dictionaries of sectoral competences was born as a strategy of the experience generated in the collaboration of the development of municipal development plans and the analysis of the national strategic programs of the nation plan, which is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Goals of the United Nations Organization. Developing sector development agendas makes it possible to identify gaps to limit challenges and areas of opportunity to encourage sector development and growth. Strengthens the relevance of study plans in the academic sector, as well as the training and development processes.

In the State of Baja California, a sectoral articulation and linkage model has been developed, which is characteristic of the unit and focused on strengthening specialized human capital. Historically, Baja California has distinguished itself by development and innovation, with a very independent style, considering its geographic situation similar to an island, where its territorial limits are the State of California, United States, and the State of Sonora and Baja California Sur.

The following points detail the data collected by the electronic survey. These will be disseminated through the electronic survey and social networks to the *Perspective Chapter: Prospective of Sectoral Competences for the Design of Dictionaries… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109457*


#### **Figure 3.**

*Model for the development of a dictionary of sectorial competences. Reference: Own elaboration (2022).*

more than 35,000 TecNM Tijuana graduates, as well as to the 12,000 students on average.
