**5. Summary**

This chapter showed the following empirical results: Firstly, the joint adoption of teaching and research leads to better HEIs' performance rather than the adoption of a single activity. This result strongly supports the argument that there is joint interdependence between teaching and research and enhances the existence of complementary. Secondly, in HEIs, teaching is more uniform than research. The difficulty in getting research funding and funding research activities with limited financial resources is likely the cause of the variation in research productivity. Additionally, by contrasting public and private institutions, it was possible to gain insightful information about how the grouped HEIs that are private institutions prioritize teaching over public action. However, compared to private institutions, public institutions place a greater focus on research productivity. The efficiency ratings of the HEIs could also help other stakeholders and decision-makers in the educational sector choose more effective methods to allocate resources. Additionally, the educational management of HEIs allows for the classification of the institutions that have superior comparative efficiency or not and uses the group of HEIs as role models. Abbott [57] and Avkiran [58] contend that efficiency analysis leaves out factors that contribute to inefficient resource distribution among institutions while evaluating educational institutions.

The joint implementation of these initiatives in higher education increases the ability to introduce process innovations, such as new methods of instruction, and the faculty members update their knowledge with the most recent information. Furthermore, improving the HEI's performance demanded a top management concern. For that reason, higher educations are experimenting with its process, combining teaching and research activities. Therefore, educational administrators or policy-makers require tight integration of teaching and research with the HEIs activities to capture the positive effects and each activity has a marginal return of the other.
