**A.2 Operationalization of definitions**

*Gateway Classes*: If a student earned a D/F/W in the course, it is coded as a 1; otherwise, 0.

*Multiple Gateway Classes*: If a student took multiple gateway courses in the same semester, it is coded as a 1; otherwise, 0.

*FG Student*: If a student is first generation, it is coded as a 1; otherwise, a 0. *PELL Eligible Student*: If a student is PELL Eligible, it is coded as a 1; otherwise, a 0. *QRS Director*: After the hiring of QRS Director (Spring 2019), it is coded as a 1;

otherwise, 0.
