**6. Methodology**

Desktop research was undertaken to obtain data for the study. It also referred to as secondary research. When using desktop research, the collection and analysis of data originates from existing data sets, reports, and documents, usually compiled by other persons or organizations. Peer review journals from Science direct, Scopus and google scholar were used to carry out the research study. The search was done using search keywords like 'covid-19 innovations, "Educational innovations" and "university innovations". The study targeted all South African and Zimbabwean universities both public and private owned respectively. For ethical reasons, particularly related to the protection the identity of the universities under study, pseudo names were used wherein universities were referred to as University A, B, C and so on. Data sources from social media was totally ignored. Thirty-five articles were originally obtained and were reduced to nineteen after filtering them to relevant themes linked to the topic under consideration. The journal articles were written by international, South African, and Zimbabwean authors focused on educational innovation, Challenges and opportunities posed by digital or online teaching and management of online examination during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## **7. Discussion of the findings**
