**6.1 Non-self-determined types of extrinsic motivation**

Under the category of non-self-determined (controlled) extrinsic motivations, we find two types of extrinsic motivations: external regulation and introjected regulation. In general, when motivated by these forms of controlled motivations people feel pressured to act, either externally or internally. Extrinsic motivation that is regulated by external regulation underlies behaviors that are under external controls. This type of motivation is what people often refer to as simply extrinsic motivation. When extrinsically motivated, people engage in behaviors to obtain an external reward, to comply with an external demand, or avoid a negative outcome or punishment. In contrast, extrinsic motivation that is regulated by introjected regulation underlies behaviors that are under *internal* controls as opposed to *external* controls. These internal controls are nonetheless experienced as pressuring. Often this type of motivation is referred to as introjected motivation or introjection. Under introjection, people engage in behaviors out of guilt, shame, or other forms of internal pressures,

**Figure 1.** *Continuum of motivation.*

*Perspective Chapter: Fostering Students' Learning Experiences in Higher Education – Reflections… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110327*

emotions, or compulsions. Ego-involvement, or contingent self-esteem is a good example of values and beliefs that are taken in, but that are not fully integrated or internalized by the self. In these cases, people experience these values as foreign to them, as alien to the self, and not integrated with other aspects of themselves. It is as if the behaviors have been "swallowed whole" and not "digested" and are exerting pressure on the self to compel people to act in certain ways they do not fully endorse.

#### **6.2 Self-determined types of extrinsic motivation**

Under the category of self-determined (autonomous) extrinsic motivations, are extrinsic motivations that are regulated by identification and integration. In general, when motivated by these forms of autonomous motivations people feel like their behaviors are aligned with their true sense of self and they feel a sense of agency in engaging in the behaviors. Extrinsic motivation that is regulated by identification underlies behaviors that are personally valued, relevant, and important. Often, this type of motivation is simply referred to as identified motivation or identification. Identification is a type of motivation that underlies behaviors that are consciously endorsed and valued. Therefore, people who mostly behave out of identified motivation perceive their behaviors as personally important to them and are able to clearly articulate the reasons why they engage in those behaviors. Personally accepting the value of a behavior would allow people to feel volitional in carrying it out. Extrinsic motivation that is regulated by integration underlies behavior that is integrated with other parts of the self or other behaviors. Often, this type of motivation is simply referred to as integrated motivation or integration. Integration is an active and transformational process which requires introspection and deep reflection. This process allows people to bring behaviors that could be introjected into alignment and congruence with the self and other values toward integration.
