*3.1.4 Questionnaire on psychological/learning factors*

A 70-item questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale (based on the agreement level) was utilized to measure components of psychological/learning leanings of individuals [39]. Questionnaire items were compiled from Self-description questionnaire III (SDQ, [40]), Generalized self-efficacy scale (GSE, [41]), and the Academic motivation questionnaire [42]. The seven subscales applied were self-concept about learning (SC-L, 10 items), self-concept about problem-solving (SC-P, 10 items), self-efficacy (SE, 10 items), use of metacognitive learning strategies (LS, 15 items), internal motivation (IM, 13 items), autonomous external motivation (EM-A, 6 items), and controlled external motivation (EM-C, 6 items).

Reliability of the four instruments, exhibited as Cronbach α on the testing sample, is shown in **Table 2**.
