**11. How online courses reflect the learning effect and effort effect**

Online courses can reflect both the learning and effort effects.

The learning effect is a student's capacity to improve his or her score as the number of context repetitions rises [15]. Alternatively, the learning effect is described as a considerable improvement in cognitive academic achievement that occurs as repeated tests increase until the score reaches stability and stops fluctuating. Online courses are critical in ensuring that the learning effect is realized in many ways. According to Losses et al. [17], one method for students taking online classes is to return to the same subject repeatedly to comprehend it better. Since a teacher must always be present in the traditional classroom to deliver instructions to the students, the learning effect will not be as successful as in the online course program.

Online courses can provide a more flexible learning environment, allowing students to learn at their own pace, and review material as needed [7]. Additionally, online courses can offer a variety of media and resources that can help to engage students and facilitate learning. Finally, online courses can provide feedback and assessment measures to help students gauge their progress and adjust their learning strategies accordingly [7]. All these factors can contribute to a more effective learning experience.

The study of how people taking online courses could approach success or failure with various attitudes is the main topic of Marina Krakovsky's paper, "The Effort Effect" [17]. Krakovsky informs the audience that people view failure and achievement from either an unfavorable or a favorable angle. She explains that while the skill itself is not hereditary, it can be cultivated by adopting a growth mindset [17]. Carol Dweck, a psychology professor, is mentioned by Krakovsky as she contrasts a growth mentality with a closed mindset [17]. For instance, a student taking an online course with a growth mentality would see failure as an opportunity to learn, but someone with a closed mindset would see it as the limit of their capability. Krakovsky created this theory for all demographics, including those pursuing online courses to stimulate a new feeling of progress in their brains and help them become informed in their perspectives of failure and success.

## **12. Benefits of online learning for students in higher education**

The advantages of online learning for students in higher education are of great concern. Perhaps the most crucial advantage is that it offers greater flexibility in terms of time and location. Students can study at their own pace and in their own time and access course materials from anywhere in the world. They can rewind and replay lectures as often as they need to understand the material. They can also take the time to complete assignments and readings at their convenience [21].

Another benefit is a better balance between school and life. Online learning can improve the school-life balance for many university students while also providing them with more freedom and time to do other things, which they want to do [25]. One should be aware that online courses can be either asynchronous or synchronous. Whether a live lecture or a discussion session, synchronous classes require showing up on time. However, many online courses are asynchronous so that a student may finish them at their own speed and on their own schedule [25]. Students can study around their other commitments, such as work or family. Thus, online learning can be tailored to the individual needs of each student. These conveniences can ease stress levels and assist in managing regular routines [15].

A very important consideration for many students is that online courses are often more affordable than traditional courses. This is because there is no need to pay for travel or lodging expenses.

Finally, online courses can help build a strong foundation in any field of study [21]. They can develop the skills necessary to succeed in a traditional classroom.

Overall, online courses offer many benefits for students. When choosing an online course, students should be sure to consider all the options available in order to find the perfect course for their academic and individual needs to achieve success in their academic careers.
