**1. Introduction**

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396 Neuroimaging – Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience

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In this chapter, we assess the role of Event-Related Potentials (ERP) in the field of cognitive neuroscience, particularly in the emergent area of social neuroscience. This is new ground that combines approaches from cognitive neuroscience and social psychology, highlighting the multilevel approach to emotional, social and cognitive phenomena, and representing one of the most promising fields of cognitive neuroscience (Adolphs, 2003, 2010; Blakemore, Winston and Frith, 2004; Cunningham and Zelazo, 2007; Decety and Sommerville, 2003; Frith and Frith, 2010; Insel, 2010; Lieberman and Eisenberger, 2009; Miller, 2006; Ochsner, 2004; Rilling and Sanfey, 2011; Sanfey, 2007; Singer and Lamm, 2009; Zaki and Ochsner, 2009).

The technique of ERPs is a precise tool regarding time resolution (on the order of milliseconds). ERPs are useful not only for their excellent temporal resolution but because recent advances (e.g., dense arrays, single trial analysis, source localization algorithms, connectivity and frequency measures, among others) provide multiples sources of brain activity in response to cognitive events.

First, a definition of ERPs and an explanation about the recordings and features of main components (P1, N1, N170, VPP, EPN, N2, P2, P3, N400, N400-like LPC, LPP, P600, ERN, fERN, CNV, RP; LRP, MP, RAP) are detailed (including a description of their generating sources when available). We then introduce some representative examples of cognitive and social neuroscience: contextual approaches to language, emotions and emotional body language; empathy; and decision-making cognition. All these areas are reviewed, highlighting their relevance for cognitive neuroscience and clinical research (neuropsychiatry and pathophysiology). Finally, important issues, such as sleep research, intracranial ERPs recordings, source location in dense arrays and co-recordings with fMRI, are discussed.
