Contents

### **Preface XIII**


Roumen Kirov and Serge Brand

X Contents


Contents VII

Chapter 19 **Graphical Models of Functional MRI Data for Assessing Brain Connectivity 375**

Chapter 20 **Event-Related Potential Studies of Cognitive and** 

Chao Suo and Michael J. Valenzuela

**Trends and Perspectives for** 

**Neuroimaging Studies 451** 

B. Alexander Diaz, Lizeth H. Sloot,

Chapter 22 **EEG-Biofeedback as a Tool to Modulate Arousal:** 

**Treatment of ADHD and Insomnia 431**

Chapter 23 **Deconstructing Central Pain with Psychophysical and** 

Huibert D. Mansvelder and Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen

J.J. Cheng, D.S. Veldhuijzen, J.D. Greenspan and F.A. Lenz

Agustin Ibanez, Phil Baker and Alvaro Moya

Chapter 21 **Neuroimaging Outcomes of Brain Training Trials 417**

**Social Neuroscience 397**

Junning Li, Z. JaneWang and Martin J. McKeown


Chapter 19 **Graphical Models of Functional MRI Data for Assessing Brain Connectivity 375**  Junning Li, Z. JaneWang and Martin J. McKeown

VI Contents

Chapter 9 **Neuroimaging and Outcome Assessment in**

Silvia Guerrera, Francesca Timpano, Placido Bramanti and Nicola De Stefano

Trevor Archer and Peter Bright

Chapter 13 **Neuroimaging Data in Bipolar Disorder: An Updated View 263** 

**the Human Brain 283**

**A Review 333**

**Intoxication 353**

Masahiro Kawasaki

Chapter 11 **MRI Techniques to Evaluate Exercise Impact on the Aging Human Brain 229**  Bonita L. Marks and Laurence M. Katz

Chapter 12 **Human Oscillatory EEG Activities Representing Working Memory Capacity 249** 

> Bernardo Dell'Osso, Cristina Dobrea, Maria Carlotta Palazzo, Laura Cremaschi,

Massimo Silvetti and Tom Verguts

**Neonatal Behavioral Evidence and Neurocognitive Approach 319**  Arlette Streri and Edouard Gentaz

Chapter 15 **What Does Cerebral Oxygenation Tell Us About Central Motor Output? 297** Nicolas Bourdillon and Stéphane Perrey

Chapter 14 **Reinforcement Learning, High-Level Cognition, and** 

Chiara Arici, Beatrice Benatti and A. Carlo Altamura

Chapter 16 **Intermanual and Intermodal Transfer in Human Newborns:** 

Chapter 17 **Somatosensory Stimulation in Functional Neuroimaging:** 

Ya-Ting Chang, Wen-Neng Chang, Shu-Hua Huang,

R. Nardone, E. Trinka and F. Gerstenbrand

Chapter 18 **Neuroimaging Studies in Carbon Monoxide**

Chun-Chung Lui, Chen-Chang Lee, Nai-Ching Chen and Chiung-Chih Chang

S.M. Golaszewski, M. Seidl, M. Christova, E. Gallasch, A.B. Kunz,

**Vegetative and Minimally Conscious State 181** Silvia Marino, Rosella Ciurleo, Annalisa Baglieri, Francesco Corallo, Rosaria De Luca, Simona De Salvo,

Chapter 10 **Functional and Structural MRI Studies on Impulsiveness: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorders 205**


J.J. Cheng, D.S. Veldhuijzen, J.D. Greenspan and F.A. Lenz

Preface

function – the *where* question).

The rate of technological progress is encouraging increasingly sophisticated lines of enquiry in cognitive neuroscience and shows no sign of slowing down in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that even the strongest advocates of the cognitive neuroscience approach would maintain that advances in cognitive *theory*  have kept in step with methods-based developments. There are several candidate reasons for the failure of neuroimaging studies to convincingly resolve many of the most important theoretical debates in the literature. For example, a significant proportion of published functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are not well grounded in cognitive theory, and this represents a step away from the traditional approach in experimental psychology of methodically and systematically building on (or chipping away at) existing theoretical models using tried and tested methods. Unless the experimental study design is set up within a clearly defined theoretical framework, any inferences that are drawn are unlikely to be accepted as anything other than speculative. A second, more fundamental issue is whether neuroimaging data alone can address *how* cognitive functions operate (far more interesting to the cognitive scientist than establishing the neuroanatomical coordinates of a given

The classic neuropsychological tradition of comparing neurologically impaired and healthy populations shares some of the same challenges associated with neuroimaging research (such as incorporation of individual differences in brain structure and function, attribution of specific vs general functions to a given brain region, and the questionable assumption that the shared components operating in two tasks under comparison recruit the same neural architecture. However, a further disadvantage of functional neuroimaging relative to the neuropsychological approach is that it is a correlational method for inferring regional brain involvement in a given task – and interpretation of signal should always reflect this fact. Spatial resolution and sensitivity is improving with the commercial availability of ultra-high field human scanners, but a single voxel (the smallest unit of measurement) still corresponds to many thousands of individual neurons. Haemodynamic response to input is slow (in the order of seconds) and the relationship between this function and neural activity remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, choice of image preprocessing parameters can appear somewhat arbitrary and an obvious rationale for selection of statistical thresholds, correction for multiple corrections, etc. at the analysis stage can
