**5. References**

Bain, G. ; Ray, W. J. ; Yao, M. & Gottlieb, D. I. (1994). From embryonal carcinoma cells to neurons : The P19 pathway. *Bioessays*, Vol. 16, No.5, 343-348.

elevation of intracellular calcium concentration activated protease and thus induced cell death (Berridge et al, 1998). Furthermore, while the cell-adhesive surface was advantageous to fix EBs within the microcavities, adhered culture was not suitable condition for induction of cell differentiation (Bain et al., 1994). Optimization of parameters for electrical stimulation

Fig. 12. The gene expression patterns in P19 cells after electrical stimulation for 2 days. #200 indicate the results in 200m diamter samples and #500 in 500 m diamter samples.

In this chapter, we proposed the microcavity-array pattern substrate for electrical stimulation of stem cell EBs fabricated by micro and soft lithography technique, aiming at precise control of cell differentiation processes. We could obtain intracellular calcium signals responded to electrical stimulation in EBs simultaneously, indicating that the electrode device would be a promising experimental tool to regulate the cell differentiation processes. We believed that we represented a step on the way to precisely control of cell differentiation processes. Optimization of experimental parameters and improvement of the electrode

Bain, G. ; Ray, W. J. ; Yao, M. & Gottlieb, D. I. (1994). From embryonal carcinoma cells to

neurons : The P19 pathway. *Bioessays*, Vol. 16, No.5, 343-348.

and testing other genes will be required.

**4. Conclusion** 

**5. References** 

device structures are current questions.


**Part 3** 

**for Nanofabrication** 

**Self-Assembled Colloidal Substrates** 

