**7. Conclusions**

In this study, particular attention was given to the embodiment, use, and dissemination of knowledge as a result of the employment of VREs. Knowledge embodiment and use in projects occurred during systems development and dissemination owing to the actual utilisation of the 3D models during business transactions and training activities. Since one of the primary goals of KM is to share, transfer and disseminate explicit knowledge the sharing of this knowledge if done in an ad hoc manner can result in KL. The results shows that even the best laid KM policy or framework can be source of KL due to the absence of an integrated risk management approach. In addition, the general nature of the KM models allows for KL, this weakness or discrepancy occurs where policies and practices do not merge.

Another reason for KL is the fact that KM models have failed to consider the protection of knowledge within the organisation and across it boundaries. Consequently the risk assessment process in any organisation cannot be reduced to the simple negotiation of risk between two f companies. As a result third party companies should be explicitly involved in the risk assessment process since the greater risks of exposure and leakage are related to such interactions.

It is recommended that once the risk assessment process is completed, risk thinking on knowledge exposure and leakage should not be abandoned. Knowledge exposure concerns should be part of the continuous risk management approach from the beginning of a project until the outcomes are realised. Knowledge leakage risks should be continually assessed and monitored and whenever needed contingency measures considered. This attitude towards this type of risk should influence technical and design decisions as well as provide insights on technical options, thus empowering managers to make informed decisions.
