**5.3.1 Towards a unified KM pattern of reference**

Despite the fact that numerous Knowledge Management Frameworks have been suggested all over the world, it does not exist a unify pattern of reference supporting our definition of KM as described in the paragraph 4.2. For example, let us consider *The European Guide to Good Practice in Knowledge Management* (CEN-CWA 14924-1, 2004). The project team has collected, categorized and analyzed more than 140 KM Frameworks. We can notice that this work has produced a high-quality practical outcome that is a reference point to achieve a good understanding of KM. Nevertheless, as contributors to this project, we underline the predominant positivist paradigm, and the information management approach of KM that have inspired the project team. Moreover, we have observed that few of them were "*peoplefocused"* as Wiig (2004) states: "our emphasis is on people and their behaviors and roles in enterprise operations (p. XXV)." Furthermore, we have distinguished two main approaches underlying KM: (i) a technological approach that answers a demand of solutions based on the technologies of information and communication (ICT); (ii) a managerial approach that integrates knowledge as resources contributing to the implementation of the strategic vision of the company.

Therefore, we suggest two KM Governance Perspectives depending on the first or the second approach (ref. Fig. 4).

On the one hand, the technological approach leads to reduce knowledge to codified knowledge that is no more than information. In that case, we can manage KM projects in the same way than IS projects. Specific criteria inherent to KMS must connect KM Governance and IT Governance principles. On the other hand, the managerial approach that integrates knowledge as a resource focuses on the core business processes and the people. Corporate Governance principles must integrate the risks linked to the utilization and creation of knowledge

These aspects involve elaborating Management Governance Guidelines for KM as COBIT® is for IT. The aim of the Model for General Knowledge Management within the Enterprise (MGKME), described hereafter, is to contribute to elaborating a guiding framework that serves as a pattern for KM Governance Guidelines.
