**15. Conclusions and challenges**

There are many questions pending after this short essay, too many to provide many plausible answers to even a few; this is both regrettable and very exciting. The potential for future work is large, and the aim here has rather been to highlight the challenges ahead. I believe that current research has to some extent lost its way in trying to impose the intricacies of formal ontologies, and that instead of designing new standards of representation for descriptive logics, we need to re-examine some basic ideas about the aims of Knowledge Management and its relationship to pedagogy.

With a few modifications, we abandon the idea of searching for the 'right place' to put topic information, and put it anywhere with some context labels. The promises will then self-organize into an emergent pattern. Users could also use the idea of storytelling to organize their knowledge:


For the future we still have to demonstrate the validity of this approach:


Teaching skills are bound to become a more valuable resource as society enters a truly knowledge oriented era. Without these, we might have massive data storage, but all of it will be largely wasted. An important aspect of learning is selective forgetting, and one can question the wisdom of stockpiling information forever. But as humans we tend to hold on the the past somewhat irrationally.

In this essay, I have proposed using a model for knowledge engineering based on autonomous cooperation, as a way of working around the modelling errors of hierarchical categorization most commonly used today. By stripping away unnecessary structure, a promise approach to knowledge grants knowledge the freedom for it to evolve in a direction dictated by common collaborative culture, see Ostrom (1990). I believe that organized ontology has a limited usefulness, in much too specialized circumstances to be generally useful, and that we must return to a simpler linguistic approach to documenting ontologies.

Three important focus areas come to mind to explore further:

• The neglected role of narratives and storylines in knowledge representation.


The tension between the desire to hierarchically divide and conquer subjects and the freedom to develop storylines unconstrained is likely to haunt knowledge management for many years to come. In the writing of this essay, for instance, I have striven to seek a balance between serving two masters: to organize things into a simple hierarchy of sections (for later 'dipping into the story' i.e. for reference), while at the same time recognizing that the whole narrative much be readable from start to finish. It is through the storyline that the illusion of understanding is most likely to emerge, because there we control the context of information from moment to moment. A novel never has to satisfy the former constraint, and is therefore a purer form of writing.

The likelihood that we will ever unify meaning into a single, standard, crystalline tree of concepts is about the same as the likelihood of unifying all the world's cultures into one. The evidence from social networking, see Newman (2003); Watts (1999), suggests that the human desire for social interaction evens out and normalizes: like swarming behaviour, we follow involuntarily the influences of others, and this leads to a condensation that has manageable proportions.

The final answers about knowledge management lie probably with social anthropology. It will be a challenge for more empirical studies to come up with evidence for the success or failure of the suggestions contained here. In the mean time, there seems to be little to lose by trying a promise approach, so I leave it to readers to explore these simple guidelines in practice.

#### **16. References**

28 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

tell a convincing story about it. With more formal principles behind an effort to understand stories, technology could help struggling students to grasp connections better, and one could

We don't have time to explore all these details in this essay, except to point to this as a promising (pun intended) area of research for the future. I think that storylines combined with a linguistic approach to ontology can go a long way to addressing the deficiencies of

There are many questions pending after this short essay, too many to provide many plausible answers to even a few; this is both regrettable and very exciting. The potential for future work is large, and the aim here has rather been to highlight the challenges ahead. I believe that current research has to some extent lost its way in trying to impose the intricacies of formal ontologies, and that instead of designing new standards of representation for descriptive logics, we need to re-examine some basic ideas about the aims of Knowledge Management

With a few modifications, we abandon the idea of searching for the 'right place' to put topic information, and put it anywhere with some context labels. The promises will then self-organize into an emergent pattern. Users could also use the idea of storytelling to organize

• Write down complete stories and break them down into simplified narratives that can be

• Start by defining a hierarchy of categories and sub-categories. This is still possible, but not

2. Show how different ontological viewpoints can emerge from groups and

Teaching skills are bound to become a more valuable resource as society enters a truly knowledge oriented era. Without these, we might have massive data storage, but all of it will be largely wasted. An important aspect of learning is selective forgetting, and one can question the wisdom of stockpiling information forever. But as humans we tend to hold on

In this essay, I have proposed using a model for knowledge engineering based on autonomous cooperation, as a way of working around the modelling errors of hierarchical categorization most commonly used today. By stripping away unnecessary structure, a promise approach to knowledge grants knowledge the freedom for it to evolve in a direction dictated by common collaborative culture, see Ostrom (1990). I believe that organized ontology has a limited usefulness, in much too specialized circumstances to be generally useful, and that we must

• Write down topic atoms and try to combine them into a network of associations.

1. Prove the independent compatibility of multiple ontologies, using promise theory.

represented as milestone topics linked by association.

3. What is the process for refactoring and establishing norms?

return to a simpler linguistic approach to documenting ontologies. Three important focus areas come to mind to explore further:

• The neglected role of narratives and storylines in knowledge representation.

For the future we still have to demonstrate the validity of this approach:

imagine a training program to help basic literacy skills.

today's web ontology methods.

**15. Conclusions and challenges**

and its relationship to pedagogy.

their knowledge:

recommended.

norms/swarming.

the the past somewhat irrationally.


**9** 

Saulius Gudas *Vilnius University* 

*Lithuania* 

**Knowledge-Based Enterprise Framework:** 

Contemporary organizations need to manage not only data, but the whole data-informationknowledge continuum; this is why the role and structure of the enterprise repository or enterprise knowledge base have to change adequately too. The concept of computerised knowledge base becomes important with the emergence of such intensively computer-based organizational forms as supply chains, virtual organizations etc. Organizations require having not only data in virtual environment (i.e. shared data bases), but also digital knowledge about those data, as well as about the data structure and semantics; knowledge about enteprise infrastructure and processes; process management up to strategic intentions

Knowledge management is the business activity intended to solve critical enterprise adaptability and competitiveness issues in a rapidly changing environment. The main goal of the knowledge management in enterprises is to create an organizational context for effective creation, storage, dissemination and use of enterprise knowledge, which are essential for securing enterprise competitiveness against the changing business environment

The main goal of the knowledge management in enterprises is to create organizational context for effective creation, store, dissemination and use of enterprise knowledge, which

There are some well-known knowledge management models (Holsapple, Joshi 1999), which highlight some important knowledge management aspects and knowledge management

In spite of the variety of knowledge management models and tools, there is a gap between these theoretical models and the practical implementation of knowledge management systems in organizations. This problem of adjustment of business requirements and IT capabilities is known under the name "Business and IT alignment" (Henderson, Venkatraman 1990).The investigations in knowledge management area are closely related to developments in the field of enterprise architecture (EA) frameworks (J.Schekkerman, 2003), enterprise modelling (EM) frameworks (Zachman, Sowa, 1992; Maes, et al., 2000; Ulrich, 2002) and languages (Vernadat, 2002). Enterprise domains and aspects of the enterprise knowledge identified in the various EM and EA methodologies and frameworks reflect the

and for setting the environment towards a desirable direction (Maier, 2004).

are essential for enterprise competitiveness in changing business environment.

components aimed at implementing knowledge management in organizations.

semantics of the concept "enterprise knowledge component".

**1. Introduction** 

(Gudas, 2009a).

**A Management Control View** 

*Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Kaunas* 

