**5.1.3 Linear programming with Leontief input output Model**

One application of process engineering is the application of the Leontief model combined with linear programming, as many authors assert, and we have shown by applying these models in the Health Sector in Colombia (National Department of Planning) Ortegón Edgar et al.(1973). The following Table 1 shows the model architecture. Construction of these matrices requires a significant budget to develop the study field for several months within FESSANJOSE.

The Linear Programming with Leontief Input Output Model involves 3 Student levels: Good Performance, Recoverable and the Dropout. See Figure 15.

#### **5.1.4 Mathematical knowledge architecture**

The architecture presented in Table No. 1 comprises the matrix of Leontief Input-Output in a system either at the micro level (i.e. a program of study) or a higher level of an institution

Analytical Models for Tertiary Education by Propaedeutic

objective functions.

Political function issues:

**5.1.5 Strategies analysis** 

*government?* 

IES governability.

in Table 1

world…

Max

Cycles Applying Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management 51

The flows within these levels of students are outlined and quantified in the multiple

ܦIs the final demand: Households, Inversion, Government, ∆ Inventories, Rest of the

(9) ሻ݈݁ݒ݁ܮݏݐ݀݁݊ݑݐܵሺο݂ Zൌ


*competitiveness economic and curricular without breaking?*  - *How much does it cost for an institution to improve its quality?*  - *How much does it cost for an institution to improve competitiveness?* 


and Financial Sustainability of Higher Education Institutions.

*maximize the number of students who leave school?* 


**5.2 Some conclusions and future work** 






Many other questions can be done to this model giving possibilities for simulations running. As can be seen this mathematical tool, allow analyzing and quantifying a variety of strategies ranging from economic to academic and pedagogical, to reach optimum levels in terms of dropout, repetition and improvement in student performance and in general better

This study has indicated the Leontief Model re-situation towards social sector: academic world of knowledge, and from the inter-industry economy to the new knowledge industry. At the same time the model allowed us to analyze the problems of Academic Governance



݂ሺܺǡ ܦሻ ൌ Ͳ (8)

ሺܫെܣሻܺ െܦ ൌ Ͳ (10)

F (resources) ܾ availability (11)

or country. This architecture has 3 components: the inter-sector subset, the restriction and threshold values and the multiple objective functions.

The model was integrated with linear programming to analyze together the services of Education in the Tertiary Sector of the economy (trade and services), with the primary sector and the manufacturer sector.

The optimization criteria are shown schematically in Figure No. 15, which shows the levels of students in higher education mentioned above.


Table 1. Linear Programming with Leontief & Input-Output Model: Knowledge Architecture

The flows within these levels of students are outlined and quantified in the multiple objective functions.

$$f(X, D\_{f}) = 0\tag{8}$$

ܦIs the final demand: Households, Inversion, Government, ∆ Inventories, Rest of the world…

Political function issues: Max

50 New Research on Knowledge Management Models and Methods

or country. This architecture has 3 components: the inter-sector subset, the restriction and

The model was integrated with linear programming to analyze together the services of Education in the Tertiary Sector of the economy (trade and services), with the primary sector

The optimization criteria are shown schematically in Figure No. 15, which shows the levels

Table 1. Linear Programming with Leontief & Input-Output Model: Knowledge

threshold values and the multiple objective functions.

of students in higher education mentioned above.

and the manufacturer sector.

Architecture

$$\mathbf{Z} = f\{\Delta \text{Students Level}\} \tag{9}$$

$$(I - A)X - D\_f = 0\tag{10}$$

$$\mathcal{F} \text{ (resoours)} \le b\_l \text{ availableity} \tag{11}$$

#### **5.1.5 Strategies analysis**


Many other questions can be done to this model giving possibilities for simulations running. As can be seen this mathematical tool, allow analyzing and quantifying a variety of strategies ranging from economic to academic and pedagogical, to reach optimum levels in terms of dropout, repetition and improvement in student performance and in general better IES governability.

#### **5.2 Some conclusions and future work**

This study has indicated the Leontief Model re-situation towards social sector: academic world of knowledge, and from the inter-industry economy to the new knowledge industry. At the same time the model allowed us to analyze the problems of Academic Governance and Financial Sustainability of Higher Education Institutions.


Analytical Models for Tertiary Education by Propaedeutic

graduating from each program who have not received and others.

architecture model that includes obviously the intellectual assets.

**methodology: An attempt to its formalization** 

that incorporate the knowledge sector.

**6.2.1 Background of the method** 

congresses.

**6.1 Fieldwork survey methodology** 

Cycles Applying Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management 53

The variables of the model are enriched with the national SPADIES (Prevention and Analysis System of the Attrition in Higher Education Institutions) that offers the National Education Ministry which allows us to compare the figures of dropout, repetition, retention, and others. One problem is reconciling the concepts in determining how to understand the dropout, how many academic periods without registering, if it is included students

Institutionally implemented a system of engineering of organizational processes with dualuse ISO certifying institution and feed the model discussed in this chapter for quantified

Our research effort represents ongoing work with several University projects and unpublished graduate works and also consulting works for institutions in Colombia. In the FESSANJOSE the model has evolved to our proposal of social innovation Leontief Model

The Knowledge Engineering Methodology presented in this paper is an attempt for reducing the complexity involved: is part of that effort and has not obeyed to a large-scale project with good funding. They have been serene developments that we want to share with the academic community. We describe an attempt to formalize a KE methodology in 8 steps which are presented in detail, the mix of ideas coming from both Engineering and Management we tried to integrate in this construct. Also we discuss briefly our

For several years we have been involved in building expert systems, intelligent systems and courseware development in areas such Strategic Planning, Information Systems Architectures based on knowledge and building intelligent tools for Superior Education Sector, which has resulted in an empirical study we have gradually put on several

In particular we have faced the problem of Higher Education in Colombia for Propaedeutical Cycles, which faces many serious problems of student dropout and mainly the lack of competitiveness of the sector. The foregoing led us to rethink the matrix of input/ output in terms of curricular knowledge and competences to be cultivated in students to submit papers in several international conferences. In recent years we have redefined the architecture of the Leontief model by introducing the sector of knowledge and applied to our university, FESSANJOSE. The Knowledge Engineering Methodology presented in this paper is an attempt for reducing the complexity involved: is part of that effort and has not obeyed to a large-scale project with good funding. They have been serene developments that we want to share with the academic community. Our work has been developed with academic rigor, disciplined and continued: the documentation of the project is a key part of the methodology

**6.2 Knowledge engineering methodology: Towards a knowledge engineering** 

understanding between knowledge engineering and knowledge management.

with an emphasis for students with deficiencies and low performance, the implementation of training workshops to promote student retention, teachers, managers and administrative (use of technological support and also includes Parent Involvement).

desertion, curricular coherence consistency for the propaedeutic cycles and many other educational issues has been emphasized as a social innovation and pioneer in the international arena.


#### **6. Methodology issues**

The problems presented was faced with multiple paradigm methods which are required to implement several complementary actions.

We have of a complex information system, called SIFES which involves the education software architecture with which we have historical information of the student cohorts, period to period. We have implemented the mentioned architecture shown in (See Figure 14) order to obtain information in real-time student and the student record the information including all incidents and risk factors. It is included:


with an emphasis for students with deficiencies and low performance, the implementation of training workshops to promote student retention, teachers, managers and administrative (use of technological support and also includes Parent Involvement).

#### **6.1 Fieldwork survey methodology**

52 New Research on Knowledge Management Models and Methods





The problems presented was faced with multiple paradigm methods which are required to

We have of a complex information system, called SIFES which involves the education software architecture with which we have historical information of the student cohorts, period to period. We have implemented the mentioned architecture shown in (See Figure 14) order to obtain information in real-time student and the student record the information





possibility of achieving better long-term career, prospected as a project life.

quantifying the Competitiveness of Higher Education in this country.


we make it serve the all country's academic community in Colombia.

credibility of the TP-T education is expected.

international arena.

**6. Methodology issues** 

attendances.

implement several complementary actions.

including all incidents and risk factors. It is included:

mitigating the chances of dropping out.

generation of new information from the SIFES database.

desertion, curricular coherence consistency for the propaedeutic cycles and many other educational issues has been emphasized as a social innovation and pioneer in the

> The variables of the model are enriched with the national SPADIES (Prevention and Analysis System of the Attrition in Higher Education Institutions) that offers the National Education Ministry which allows us to compare the figures of dropout, repetition, retention, and others. One problem is reconciling the concepts in determining how to understand the dropout, how many academic periods without registering, if it is included students graduating from each program who have not received and others.

> Institutionally implemented a system of engineering of organizational processes with dualuse ISO certifying institution and feed the model discussed in this chapter for quantified architecture model that includes obviously the intellectual assets.

#### **6.2 Knowledge engineering methodology: Towards a knowledge engineering methodology: An attempt to its formalization**

Our research effort represents ongoing work with several University projects and unpublished graduate works and also consulting works for institutions in Colombia. In the FESSANJOSE the model has evolved to our proposal of social innovation Leontief Model that incorporate the knowledge sector.

The Knowledge Engineering Methodology presented in this paper is an attempt for reducing the complexity involved: is part of that effort and has not obeyed to a large-scale project with good funding. They have been serene developments that we want to share with the academic community. We describe an attempt to formalize a KE methodology in 8 steps which are presented in detail, the mix of ideas coming from both Engineering and Management we tried to integrate in this construct. Also we discuss briefly our understanding between knowledge engineering and knowledge management.

#### **6.2.1 Background of the method**

For several years we have been involved in building expert systems, intelligent systems and courseware development in areas such Strategic Planning, Information Systems Architectures based on knowledge and building intelligent tools for Superior Education Sector, which has resulted in an empirical study we have gradually put on several congresses.

In particular we have faced the problem of Higher Education in Colombia for Propaedeutical Cycles, which faces many serious problems of student dropout and mainly the lack of competitiveness of the sector. The foregoing led us to rethink the matrix of input/ output in terms of curricular knowledge and competences to be cultivated in students to submit papers in several international conferences. In recent years we have redefined the architecture of the Leontief model by introducing the sector of knowledge and applied to our university, FESSANJOSE. The Knowledge Engineering Methodology presented in this paper is an attempt for reducing the complexity involved: is part of that effort and has not obeyed to a large-scale project with good funding. They have been serene developments that we want to share with the academic community. Our work has been developed with academic rigor, disciplined and continued: the documentation of the project is a key part of the methodology

Analytical Models for Tertiary Education by Propaedeutic


Explanation and justification.


Fig. 16. Knowledge Engineering Life cycle

**6.3.1 KE cognitive planning** 

**6.3.1.1 System determination** 

In the following sections we develop each of the mentioned phases.

to add. Planning is also made as to form and means to acquire such skills.

the KB with the knowledge to select the really relevant.

We begin by establishing the commitment of senior management and stakeholders and also the involvement of the group of domain experts. Preliminary meetings are held with this group, which reviews the key issues to consider in connection with the layers of knowledge

It refers to the identification of its *structure, the architecture, the model i.e. behavior and components (knowledge objects)*. Also includes the specification of the problem with its domain, computational requirements, scenarios, construction of an example of a user session, decision on the methods and techniques, user requirements and interface, identifying objects and data types and quality of the solution. It is very important to assess cost / benefit and identification and definition of dictionaries and concepts represented in

The final 3 phase are related to the system construction.

Cycles Applying Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management 55


we use to formalize and enrich our research ideas and innovation. They are subjected to the contrasting, in international meetings, world class, and obviously by systematizing the feedback provided by international pairs of very high scientific level.
