**1. Introduction**

30 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

178 New Research on Knowledge Management Models and Methods

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Contemporary organizations need to manage not only data, but the whole data-informationknowledge continuum; this is why the role and structure of the enterprise repository or enterprise knowledge base have to change adequately too. The concept of computerised knowledge base becomes important with the emergence of such intensively computer-based organizational forms as supply chains, virtual organizations etc. Organizations require having not only data in virtual environment (i.e. shared data bases), but also digital knowledge about those data, as well as about the data structure and semantics; knowledge about enteprise infrastructure and processes; process management up to strategic intentions (Gudas, 2009a).

Knowledge management is the business activity intended to solve critical enterprise adaptability and competitiveness issues in a rapidly changing environment. The main goal of the knowledge management in enterprises is to create an organizational context for effective creation, storage, dissemination and use of enterprise knowledge, which are essential for securing enterprise competitiveness against the changing business environment and for setting the environment towards a desirable direction (Maier, 2004).

The main goal of the knowledge management in enterprises is to create organizational context for effective creation, store, dissemination and use of enterprise knowledge, which are essential for enterprise competitiveness in changing business environment.

There are some well-known knowledge management models (Holsapple, Joshi 1999), which highlight some important knowledge management aspects and knowledge management components aimed at implementing knowledge management in organizations.

In spite of the variety of knowledge management models and tools, there is a gap between these theoretical models and the practical implementation of knowledge management systems in organizations. This problem of adjustment of business requirements and IT capabilities is known under the name "Business and IT alignment" (Henderson, Venkatraman 1990).The investigations in knowledge management area are closely related to developments in the field of enterprise architecture (EA) frameworks (J.Schekkerman, 2003), enterprise modelling (EM) frameworks (Zachman, Sowa, 1992; Maes, et al., 2000; Ulrich, 2002) and languages (Vernadat, 2002). Enterprise domains and aspects of the enterprise knowledge identified in the various EM and EA methodologies and frameworks reflect the semantics of the concept "enterprise knowledge component".

Knowledge-Based Enterprise Framework: A Management Control View 181

function, identification of enterprise components, related to knowledge management. The

The Enterprise Knowledge Space is defined, delineating the boundaries and granularity of

A rough overview of the concepts and their dependencies involved for development of the control view-based approach to Enterprise Knowledge Management modeling is given in

internal structure of enterprise knowledge component is motivated and defined.

Fig. 1. Dependency map of major concepts involved for development of Enterprise

*Semiotics* and *Control theory*. The top two concepts in Fig. 1 are on the level of theories, namely, "*Semiotics*" and "*Control theory*". Semiotics gives for Enterprise Knowledge Management modeling the concept of *Semiotic tetrahedron* of FRISCO [Falkenberg et al., 1998], which affords a predefined methodological structure for *Organizational System*

*The Control theory* gives the concept "*Control System*" for developing the *control view*  approach to *Organizational System management* modeling. The concept "*Control System*" is a background for developing the feed back loop of the *Management Control System*, formally defining the Enterprise *Management* as a hierarchy of *Management Functions* comprised of *Data, Knowledge* and *Goal* components and interactions in the information feedback loop. The internal structure of *Management Function* is information processing framework defined

The *External modeling* paradigm. The *External modeling* paradigm denotes the branch of empirical Enterprise modeling methodologies and methods, relevant and formally

**2. Concepts of enterprise knowledge management modeling** 

enterprise knowledge layers and components.

Knowledge Management framework

modeling using *Internal modeling* paradigm.

as *Elementary Management Cycle* (Gudas, et al., 2005).

Fig. 1.

The most IT-based enterprises today are data–driven: enterprise management activities are supported by management (functional) IS based on the Data Base Management Systems services. The integrated enterprise knowledge base is concerned as a tool for solving a range of business problems: business transformation into the knowledge-based business, business and IT alignment, and the IT-based support of business management activities.

There are three concepts related to the knowledge processes in enterprise: "knowledgeintensive", "knowledge-centric" and "knowledge-based". Appropriate name for any enterprise, based on knowledge intensive work, or knowledge intensive products is a "knowledge-intensive" organization or firm (Zack, 2003).

Even if the definition of the knowledge-centric enterprise does not emphasize the use of the information technologies (IT) in the enterprise, it should be noted, that research presented here is concerned with the contemporary enterprise, which uses IT extensively for the support of the management of its business processes. On the basis of the literature analysis "knowledge-based" enterprise is defined as an enterprise, which integrates enterprise knowledge base into the overall framework of business management and development.

The newest vision of the Real Time Enterprise (RTE) as the most adaptive and responsive enterprise is expressed by Gartner Group (Gartner Group, 1999). Y. Malhotra (Malhotra, 2005) has analysed the knowledge gaps which arise when implementing knowledge management in Real Time Enterprises and has pointed out the two main KM models: strategy-pull and technology-push models, thus indicating two interrelated RTE domains: business (strategy) domain and technology domain. Henderson and Venkatraman (Henderson, Venkatraman, 1990) have also analysed business-IT alignment problem and proposed a seminal Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) for business–IT alignment; the model was aimed to support the integration of information technology (IT) into business strategy by advocating alignment between and within four domains. In the SAM two interrelated aspects of computerised enterprise are defined: 1) business domain and 2) IT domain, decomposed into two levels of detail: 1) infrastructure and processes level, 2) strategic level. Two types of knowledge inherent to the Knowledge-Based Enterprise should be pointed out. The first type of knowledge comprises all the organizational memory, which consists of various types of human knowledge, handled by managers daily to perform and manage organizational activities. This type of knowledge is referred to as *organizational knowledge.* 

Another type of knowledge is a subset of knowledge stored in the Enterprise KB, and is named *enterprise knowledge.* It comprises virtual (digital) knowledge about the problem domain, i.e. digital knowledge about activities of Knowledge-Based Enterprise.

The Knowledge–Based Enterprise (KBE) framework is based on the internal modeling paradigm applied for enterprise management modeling (Gudas, 2009), (Gudas, 2008), (Gudas, Brundzaite, 2006a). The dependency map of the major concepts involved in the development of KBE framework (i.e. external modeling, internal modeling, knowledge, control, management system, management function, elementary management cycle, knowledge management framework, etc.) is presented and major concepts are described.

The control view-based perspective is applied for analysis of enterprise modeling methods (Gudas, 1991), (Gudas, et al., 2005) aimed for refinement of knowledge modeling aspects and management layers.

The M. Porter's Value Chain model (Porter, 1985), as well as Strategic Alignment Framework (Henderson, Venkatraman, 1990), is modified and used for the analysis and structuring of enterprise domains, management information transactions and content of information, developing the control view-based definition of enterprise management

The most IT-based enterprises today are data–driven: enterprise management activities are supported by management (functional) IS based on the Data Base Management Systems services. The integrated enterprise knowledge base is concerned as a tool for solving a range of business problems: business transformation into the knowledge-based business, business

There are three concepts related to the knowledge processes in enterprise: "knowledgeintensive", "knowledge-centric" and "knowledge-based". Appropriate name for any enterprise, based on knowledge intensive work, or knowledge intensive products is a

Even if the definition of the knowledge-centric enterprise does not emphasize the use of the information technologies (IT) in the enterprise, it should be noted, that research presented here is concerned with the contemporary enterprise, which uses IT extensively for the support of the management of its business processes. On the basis of the literature analysis "knowledge-based" enterprise is defined as an enterprise, which integrates enterprise knowledge base into the overall framework of business management and development. The newest vision of the Real Time Enterprise (RTE) as the most adaptive and responsive enterprise is expressed by Gartner Group (Gartner Group, 1999). Y. Malhotra (Malhotra, 2005) has analysed the knowledge gaps which arise when implementing knowledge management in Real Time Enterprises and has pointed out the two main KM models: strategy-pull and technology-push models, thus indicating two interrelated RTE domains: business (strategy) domain and technology domain. Henderson and Venkatraman (Henderson, Venkatraman, 1990) have also analysed business-IT alignment problem and proposed a seminal Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) for business–IT alignment; the model was aimed to support the integration of information technology (IT) into business strategy by advocating alignment between and within four domains. In the SAM two interrelated aspects of computerised enterprise are defined: 1) business domain and 2) IT domain, decomposed into two levels of detail: 1) infrastructure and processes level, 2) strategic level. Two types of knowledge inherent to the Knowledge-Based Enterprise should be pointed out. The first type of knowledge comprises all the organizational memory, which consists of various types of human knowledge, handled by managers daily to perform and manage organizational activities. This type of knowledge is referred to as *organizational knowledge.*  Another type of knowledge is a subset of knowledge stored in the Enterprise KB, and is named *enterprise knowledge.* It comprises virtual (digital) knowledge about the problem

and IT alignment, and the IT-based support of business management activities.

domain, i.e. digital knowledge about activities of Knowledge-Based Enterprise.

and management layers.

The Knowledge–Based Enterprise (KBE) framework is based on the internal modeling paradigm applied for enterprise management modeling (Gudas, 2009), (Gudas, 2008), (Gudas, Brundzaite, 2006a). The dependency map of the major concepts involved in the development of KBE framework (i.e. external modeling, internal modeling, knowledge, control, management system, management function, elementary management cycle, knowledge management framework, etc.) is presented and major concepts are described. The control view-based perspective is applied for analysis of enterprise modeling methods (Gudas, 1991), (Gudas, et al., 2005) aimed for refinement of knowledge modeling aspects

The M. Porter's Value Chain model (Porter, 1985), as well as Strategic Alignment Framework (Henderson, Venkatraman, 1990), is modified and used for the analysis and structuring of enterprise domains, management information transactions and content of information, developing the control view-based definition of enterprise management

"knowledge-intensive" organization or firm (Zack, 2003).

function, identification of enterprise components, related to knowledge management. The internal structure of enterprise knowledge component is motivated and defined. The Enterprise Knowledge Space is defined, delineating the boundaries and granularity of enterprise knowledge layers and components.
