**Meet the editor**

Dr Guoxiang Liu is a Research Engineer at the Energy & Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota. Dr. Liu's principal areas of interest and expertise include numerical modeling and fluid analysis in enhanced oil/gas recovery, carbon sequestration, risk assessment, geomechanical behavior, geochemical reaction, contaminant remediation, and related energy

and environmental areas. In addition, he is interested in computational fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and thermodynamics as well as applying evolutionary algorithms and parallel computing techniques to these areas. Dr. Liu received his Ph.D. degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering from West Virginia University, master's degree in Computer Science from Leiden University, the Netherlands, and bachelor's degree in Analytical Chemistry from Yunnan Normal University, P.R. China.

Contents

**Preface VII** 

**Part 1 Greenhouse Gases Emission and Measurement 1**

Chapter 1 **Emissions of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Di-Nitrogen (N2) from the Agricultural Landscapes, Sources, Sinks, and Factors Affecting N2O and N2 Ratios 3**  M. Zaman, M.L. Nguyen, M. Šimek, S. Nawaz,

Chapter 2 **The Blend Ethanol/Gasoline and Emission of Gases 33** 

Chapter 3 **Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Reservoirs:** 

Raquel Mendonça, Nathan Barros, Luciana O. Vidal, Felipe Pacheco, Sarian Kosten and Fábio Roland

Faisal F. Al Musa, Ali H. Qahtani, Mana M. Owaidh, Meshabab S. Qahtani and Mahmoud Bahy Noureldin

**Monitoring, Emission Factors and Mitigation 101**  S. Godbout, F. Pelletier, J.P. Larouche, M. Belzile, J.J.R. Feddes, S. Fournel, S.P. Lemay and J.H. Palacios

**on Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions 127** 

**Enhanced Greenhouse Gas Emissions 147** 

**Via Energy Efficiency Optimization 79** 

**Non-Cattle Confinement Buildings:** 

Chapter 7 **Exploitation of Unconventional Fossil Fuels:** 

**What Knowledge Do We Have and What is Lacking? 55** 

M.J. Khan, M.N. Babar and S. Zaman

Antonio Carlos Santos

Chapter 4 **GHG Emissions Reduction** 

Chapter 5 **Greenhouse Gas Emissions** 

Chapter 6 **The Effect of Organic Farms** 

Risa Kumazawa

Judith Patterson

## Contents

#### **Preface XIII**


X Contents


Contents VII

Chapter 18 **Regional Pattern of Trends in Long-Term** 

Julienne C. Stroeve and Walter Meier

Alicia Boyano and Tatiana Morosuk

Chapter 22 **The Greenhouse Stakes of Globalization 485**  Sébastien Dente and Troy Hawkins

Fontina Petrakopoulou, George Tsatsaronis,

Luis Brito Castillo

Richard Larouche

Chapter 20 **Arctic Sea Ice Decline 441**

Chapter 19 **The Environmental and Population** 

Chapter 21 **Post-Combustion CO2 Capture with** 

**Precipitation and Stream Flow Observations: Singularities in a Changing Climate in Mexico 387** 

**Health Benefits of Active Transport: A Review 413**

**Monoethanolamine in a Combined-Cycle Power Plant: Exergetic, Economic and Environmental Assessment 463**


VI Contents

Chapter 8 **The Role of US Households** 

Md Rumi Shammin

Chapter 9 **The Uncertainty Estimation and Use** 

Chapter 10 **Detection of Greenhouse Gases Using**

Chapter 11 **Miniaturized Mass Spectrometer in** 

Chapter 12 **CO2 and CH4 Flux Measurements**

Chapter 13 **Greenhouse Effect 275**  Andrew A. Lacis

Ingrid Cnossen

Shuang-Ye Wu

**Analysis of Greenhouse Gases:** 

**from Landfills – A Case Study: Gualeguaychú Municipal Landfill, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina 255** Romina Sanci and Héctor O. Panarello

**in Global Carbon Emissions 171** 

Oleh Velychko and Tetyana Gordiyenko

**the Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 215**  Marcelo Sthel, Marcelo Gomes, Guilherme Lima, Mila Vieira, Juliana Rocha, Delson Schramm, Maria Priscila Castro, Andras Miklos, Helion Vargas

**The Performance and Possibilities 235**  Shuichi Shimma and Michisato Toyoda

**Part 2 Greenhouse Gases Effect and Management 273** 

**of Forests Under Future Climate Conditions 295** 

**in the Midwestern United States Using North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) Regional Climate Models 337** 

Chapter 17 **Future Changes in the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Under** 

Kiyotaka Shibata and Makoto Deushi

**a Greenhouse Gas Increase and Ozone Recovery in Transient Simulations by a Chemistry-Climate Model 355**

Chapter 14 **Regional-Scale Assessment of the Climatic Role** 

Chapter 15 **Climate Change in the Upper Atmosphere 315**

Chapter 16 **Projecting Changes in Extreme Precipitation** 

Borbála Gálos and Daniela Jacob

**of Measurement Units in National Inventories of Anthropogenic Emission of Greenhouse Gas 187** 


Preface

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone, play an important role in balancing the temperature of the Earth's surface by absorbing and emitting radiation within the thermal infrared range from the source. However, with the enormous burning of fossil fuels from the industrial revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has greatly increased. The increase has most likely caused serious issues such as global warming and climate change. Such issues urgently request strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The main strategies include clean and renewable energy development, efficient energy utilization, transforming greenhouse gases to nongreenhouse gases/compounds, and

The book entitled Greenhouse Gases - Emission, Measurement and Management contains two parts, a total of 22 chapters. The first 12 chapters (Part 1) discuss the emissions of greenhouse gases, which cover the sources, measurements, and analysis. The last ten chapters (Part 2) cover the effects and management of greenhouse gases, which contain climate changes related to local and global effects, arctic sea ice decline,

I would like to thank all of authors for their significant contributions on each chapter, providing high-quality information to share with worldwide colleagues. I also want to thank the book managers, Maja Bozicevic and Viktorija Zgela, for their help during the

**Guoxiang Liu, Ph.D.**

USA

University of North Dakota,

Energy & Environmental Research Center,

capturing and storing greenhouse gases underground.

and environmental performance.

entire publication process.

## Preface

Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone, play an important role in balancing the temperature of the Earth's surface by absorbing and emitting radiation within the thermal infrared range from the source. However, with the enormous burning of fossil fuels from the industrial revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has greatly increased. The increase has most likely caused serious issues such as global warming and climate change. Such issues urgently request strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The main strategies include clean and renewable energy development, efficient energy utilization, transforming greenhouse gases to nongreenhouse gases/compounds, and capturing and storing greenhouse gases underground.

The book entitled Greenhouse Gases - Emission, Measurement and Management contains two parts, a total of 22 chapters. The first 12 chapters (Part 1) discuss the emissions of greenhouse gases, which cover the sources, measurements, and analysis. The last ten chapters (Part 2) cover the effects and management of greenhouse gases, which contain climate changes related to local and global effects, arctic sea ice decline, and environmental performance.

I would like to thank all of authors for their significant contributions on each chapter, providing high-quality information to share with worldwide colleagues. I also want to thank the book managers, Maja Bozicevic and Viktorija Zgela, for their help during the entire publication process.

> **Guoxiang Liu, Ph.D.** Energy & Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, USA

**Part 1** 

**Greenhouse Gases Emission and Measurement** 
