**4.1 Herb-drug interactions and their impact on pharmacokinetics**

Herb-drug interactions occur when herbal compounds interact with conventional medications, affecting their pharmacokinetics. These interactions can lead to altered drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion, potentially impacting therapeutic outcomes or causing adverse effects. Understanding and monitoring such interactions are crucial in clinical settings to ensure the safe and effective use of both herbal remedies and pharmaceutical drugs. Healthcare professionals must be vigilant in assessing and managing herb-drug interactions to optimize patient outcomes and safety [21].
