**9. References**

108 Biogas

The anaerobic biological process has been utilized for treating Tequila vinasses on laboratory, pilot and industrial scales due to technical and economical advantages over aerobic processes (Linerio and Guzman 2004; Mendez, et al. 2009). On a laboratory scale, Lopez-Lopez and coworkers (2011), Mendez and coworkers (2009) showed an anaerobic digester capable of removing 90–95% of organic material as COD; generating significant amounts of biogas rich in methane. The most common system found at an industrial level in treating Tequila vinasses is of anaerobic type. Fig.4 shows the amount of energy that can be

generated if the entire volume of vinasses is treated.

Fig. 4. Production of biogas from Tequila vinasses as a source of energy

potential for gas formation and should be as high as possible.

made innocuous prior to the anaerobic process.

process to take place smoothly.

In general, all types of wastewater can be used as substrates as long as they contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, cellulose and hemicelluloses as main components. It is important that the following points are taken into consideration when selecting the wastewater

The content of organic substance should be appropriate for the microorganisms selected in

The high nutritional value of the organic substance for the microorganism, hence the

The substrate should be free of pathogens and others organism which would need to be

The content of harmful substances and trash should be low to allow the fermentation

The composition of the fermentation residue should be such that it can be used, e.g. as

In this section some of agro-industrial wastewater employed like organic substrates is shows, because the degree to which the organic substances in the wastewater is decomposed

**8.2 Others cases** 

anaerobic process.

fertilizer.

industrial.


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**6** 

**Biogas Production and Cleanup** 

**as an Alternative Energy Source** 

Elvia Ines Garcia-Peña,

*IPN, Mexico City,* 

*Mexico* 

**by Biofiltration for a Potential Use** 

Alberto Nakauma-Gonzalez and Paola Zarate-Segura

*Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología,* 

As many countries have taken advantage of the richness of crude oil, fossil fuels have become the main energy source, and human activities have become entirely dependent on petroleum products. However, this is not sustainable because of the huge environmental cost of harvesting and utilizing vast amounts of fossil fuels (Fairley, 2011). Therefore, the need for alternative fuels has become critical, especially for a new generation of advanced biofuels that can maximize petroleum (crude oil) displacement and minimize the side effects of burning fossil fuels. The primary objective is then to produce biofuels from corn stalks or other 'cellulosic plants' (or even from municipal garbage) and jet fuels from dedicated energy crops such as the fast-growing *Camelina sativa* (Fairley, 2011). The challenges are then to develop the agriculture for these plants and improve their utilization at an industrial scale. In this way, net reductions in petroleum use and greenhouse-gas emissions will be long-lasting and ethical. Bridging this gap will require continued investment, research, government regulations and development of technology. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has recommend the maximized use of farm, forestry and municipal wastes as well as increased cultivation of dedicated energy crops away from lands that provide carbon sequestration and other critical environmental services. One way to develop biofuels along an environmental friendly path is to draft a set of standards and practices that biofuels

producers must comply with, either voluntarily or by mandate (Fairley, 2011).

solid waste produced is organic waste, 50% of that is from fruits and vegetables).

In large cities, such as Mexico City with a population of more than 20 million, concerns about waste disposal and the use of alternative energy sources has steadily increased. This population produces a tremendous amount of solid waste, more than 12,000 tons per day. On the other hand, to provide sufficient food for this population, many markets are distributed throughout the city. The central market for food distribution in Mexico City, Central de Abasto (CEDA), is the second largest market in the world, receiving 25,000 tons of food products and producing 895 tons of organic solid waste each day (84% of the total

**1. Introduction** 

microorganism abundant in methanogenic granular sludges: a novel isolate affiliated with a clone cluster, the green non-sulfur bacteria, subdivision I. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 5740-5749.

