**4. PNS optimization**

178 Biogas

machinery working hours, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural area, and nitrogen fixation by leguminosae and seeds. Input data for the footprint calculation is listed in Table 3 which is

In terms of nitrogen fertilizer demand the use of leguminosae in intercrop mixtures reduces the demand of mineral nitrogen fertilizer through nitrogen fixation. Based on these data the

> **common intercrop system**

These footprints are per ton dry matter of intercrop or main crop. In general the lower machinery input for reduced tillage results in an accordingly lower footprint which points out the advantage of this method. This effect becomes more important as the yield of the crop decreases. The yields of intercrops are inevitably lower than of main crops, because of lower temperatures and less sunshine hours. Therefore, the footprint of intercrops sown with direct drilling and harvested with self-loading trailer is 34 % lower than of intercrops grown with conservation tillage and harvested with chopper. The amount of fertilizer for the main crops can be reduced with leguminosae intercrops. For this reason the footprint of the main crop in the reference system is higher than in the first system with intercrops with common tillage. If the effect of reduced nitrogen leaching or nitrous oxide emissions would

For an overall assessment of the three systems, biogas produced in the systems with intercrops was processed to natural gas quality and substituted with natural gas in the system without intercrop. With processing the average methane content of biogas from about 60 % is increased to 96 % CH4. Of course, biogas from intercrops can also be used in combined heat and power plants (CHP). Its processing is only obligatory for the comparison with natural gas. Although the footprint per ton dry matter of intercrops, even if they are sown with direct drilling, is bigger than the footprint of main crops, it is much smaller than

Table 5 illustrates this overall balance per hectare of agriculture area. Biogas purification SPI relies on life cycle data from ecoinvent database (Ecoinvent, n.d.). This balance can be seen as a rough estimation of the footprint reduction potential, if not only agriculture but also

Table 5 points out an advantage for intercrop cultivation with direct seeding and harvesting with self-loading trailer in comparison with intercrops grown with conservation tillage and harvest with chopper. The footprint of intercrops used for green fertilizing to increase soil quality, was not calculated in detail. Nevertheless it can be assumed that the footprint is worse than the footprints of intercrops for biogas production, because the efforts for drilling are the same and instead of harvesting energy is needed for their incorporation into the soil.

be considered in the SPI-calculation, the difference would become even bigger.

**main crop** 27,217.8 26,374.6 31,528.6 **intercrop** 13,988.1 9,250.2 --------

**improved intercrops system**

**SPI results [m² / t (dry matter)]**

**conventional**

derived from (KTBL, n.d.).

Table 4. LCIA results

ecological footprint results are listed in Table 4.

the footprint of natural gas, it may substitute.

natural gas consumption is considered.

A case study, as part of the so called Syn-Energy1 project, was carried out in a spa town in Upper Austria wherein the set-up of the supply chain was seen as one of the key parameters. Beside detailed analyses of intercrops (e.g. biogas content, yields) a main focus was to find a network in respect of a higher degree of decentralization for biogas production. This can be achieved e.g. with several separated decentralized fermenters that are linked by biogas pipelines to a single combined heat and power plant. The specific data for intercrops were used to carry out the evaluations. Of note was to show how intercrops can affect networks from an ecological and economical point of view.
