**7. References**

216 Biogas

et al., 2009). It allows to reduce the lactic acid concentration in the influent, because it was reported, that the conversion efficiency of lactic acid to hydrogen is much lower than that of glucose or sucrose (Guo et al. 2010). The coexistence of LAB (lactic acid bacteria) and the hydrogen producing bacteria was investigated by Noike et al. (2002). They found, that hydrogen fermentation was replaced by lactic acid fermentation caused by LAB present in the raw wastewater. Their inhibitory effect on hydrogen production could be explained by

Raw, unsterilized UF whey permeate could be a substrate for biohydrogen production. Exploitation of UF whey permeate as a feedstock for H2 and biogas production is an attractive and effective way of wastewater treatment with simultaneous renewable energy producing. Several factors influenced H2 production in continuous bioreactors, especially pH of operation, HRT and OLR. The experiment showed, that pH 5.8 in the hydrogenogenic phase was not sufficient to inhibit the activity of methanogenic bacteria. Lower HRT values (<24 h) should be apply to eliminate methanogenic bacteria. Moreover, the regulation of pH in the hydrogenogenic reactor should be coupled with the influent pH adjustment in order to avoid lactic acid production in the raw wastewater. The HRT of 12 – 24 h and OLR of 10 –

This study demonstrated that biohydrogen production from UF whey permeate can be efficiently coupled with methane production in a subsequent step. For hydrogen production stage in stable conditions (HRT of 12 h, OLR of 20 g COD L-1 d-1, pH 5.2) hydrogen production rate was 0.97 L H2 d-1 and hydrogen content in the biogas reached 29,8% v/v. In the methanogenic step, the average biogas and methane production rates were 3.0 L d-1 and 2.2 L CH4 d-1, respectively, while the methane content in biogas approached 71% v/v. The

The results of these investigations made the base for further studies to find the optimal operating conditions for higher biohydrogen production in UASB reactor in two-stage fermentation process with respect to determine the optimal OLR, HRT and pH parameters

Nowadays, an excessive use of fossil fuels has led to significant emissions of CO2 in the atmosphere which is responsible for causing extensive climate changes (Soccol et al., 2010). As a result of this with the increase in fossil fuel prices direct the efforts towards utilizing renewable energy sources. Considerable progress in searching for alternative energy sources has been made since the oil crisis of 1973. However, it must be noted that an only the renewable biomass used for energy production contributes to the reduction of negative

Currently, commercial biofuels production, such as ethanol and biogas, relies mostly on the fermentation of cane sugar, molasses or glucose derived from corn, sugar beet, wheat or potatoes. It is not economically accepted because these biomass production for biofuels competes for the limited agricultural land needed for food and feed production. Much of the

of the reactor giving stable long-term generation of H2 from raw UF whey permeate.

excretion of bacteriocins (Noike et al., 2002).

20 g COD L-1 d-1 were found to be sufficient for effective H2 yield.

two-stage fermentation system reached 95% of COD removal efficiency.

environmental impacts, e.g. decreased GHG emissions.

**4.3 Conclusions** 

**5. General conclusions** 


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**1. Introduction**

of organic carbon in microbiological processes.

microorganisms and enzymes is presented.

**2. General** 

local energy distribution and will lower costs of used energy.

**11** 

*Poland* 

**Microbiological Methods** 

**of Hydrogen Generation** 

Marcin Włodarczak and Marek Łaniecki

Krystyna Seifert, Michał Thiel, Ewelina Wicher,

*Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań,* 

As long as any country economy is based on fossil fuels, the prosperity of many nations is in danger. Rapidly growing prices of oil and natural gas can lead to the worldwide economic crisis. Therefore the search for new, clean, cheap and renewable sources of energy and energy carriers is urgently required. Although many different methods are suggested to solve this problem the use of hydrogen as the future energy carrier is necessary. Application of biochemistry in generation of energy is a challenge both for academia and industry. Different types of biomass pyrolysis and/or fermentative processes can partially solve the problems of renewable energy generation. Although other solutions are at the moment much more technologically advanced (e.g. hydropower or wind farms) the future of energetic will belong to the biological systems. Generation of biogas or biohydrogen under anaerobic conditions are the very promising processes, especially at local environment. Different types of agriculture and food industry wastes can serve here as an excellent source

It is well known that burning of hydrogen either chemically or electrochemically (e.g. fuel cells) generates large quantities of energy and it is environmentally friendly. Application of biohydrogen in local environment (farms, small communities, etc.) certainly will improve

This review paper describes basic principles of fermentative and phofermentative hydrogen generation. Biophotolysis of water, anaerobic dark and photofermentative processes in presence of organic substances, as well as the hybrid systems used in microbiological methods of hydrogen generation are described. The description of the applied

Biophotolysis of water, fermentation and photofermentation of organic substrates are considered to be the best biological methods of hydrogen generation. Reversibility, lack of toxic substances generated in these processes, mild conditions for microbiological reactions, as well as operation at low pressure of these processes are the conditions required for

