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**1. Introduction** 

typical problem (Poh & Chong, 2009).

al., 1995).

**16** 

*Thailand* 

**Enhancing Biogas Production and UASB** 

Anaerobic digesters have been applied for the treatment of wastewater yielding biogas as a value by-product. The biogas from the treatment plant can be utilized for generating heat and electricity. Anaerobic bacteria form granules through cell self-immobilization which then settle out as floc aggregates. These granules are dense microbial consortia packed with different bacterial species and contain millions of organisms per gram of biomass (Liu & Tay, 2002; Liu et al., 2003; Sheng et al., 2010). Granules in anaerobic digestion are important for enhancing process efficiency by increasing biomass hold-up. An anaerobic digester with higher biomass hold-up will be better in terms of COD removal and biogas production.

Granular sludge is a prominent characteristic of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. This type of reactor has a longitudinal structure with a gas/liquid/solid separator at the top, while microbial granules with high settling velocity are formed in a thick biomass blanket zone at the bottom (Lettinga et al., 1983). The performance of UASB systems depends upon the granulation process. Unfortunately, a long start-up period is required for the development of anaerobic granules in UASB reactors since anaerobes are slow-growing bacteria (Liu & Tay, 2002; Show et al., 2006a). When seed sludge is not granulated, the UASB start-up periods are relatively long and washout of finely dispersed sludge particles is a

The UASB start-up period can be shortened by enhancing sludge granulation. The development of well-settleable granular sludge is the key factor for successful UASB operation (Show et al., 2006b). Both synthetic and natural polymers are known to promote particle agglomeration and have been used to enhance the formation of anaerobic granules (El-Mamouni et al., 1998; Show et al., 2006a; Show et al., 2006b). Chitosan is a natural flocculant that has been used for the solid–liquid separation treatment of livestock wastewater (Garcia et al., 2009). Recently, chitosan in the form of freely moving polymeric chains has been found to enhance sludge granulation and shorten the start-up period of UASB systems (El-Mamouni et al., 1998; Lertsittichai et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2002; Thaveesri et

Chantaraporn Phalakornkule1,2 and Maneerat Khemkhao2

*1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 2The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi,* 

**Start-Up by Chitosan Addition** 

Wüstenhagen R, Wolsink M & Bürer M.J (2007): Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept. *Energy Policy*. Volume 35, No 5, 2683- 269.
