**1. Introduction**

266 Biogas

Zhu, H.; Suzuki, T.; Tsygankov, A.A.; Asada, Y. (1999). Hydrogen production from tofu

*Energy,* vol.24, pp.305-310.

wastewater by *Rhodobacter sphaeroides* immobilized in agar gels, *Int J Hydrogen* 

Plastic mulching cultivation technology originated from Japan in 1955. This technology was introduced to China in 1978, and it was comprehensively spread after a series of tests. Plastic film mulching technology was widely used due to increasing temperature, preserving soil moisture, increasing yield, preventing soil erosion etc. To 1986, the using area of plastic film in China had leap to the first in the world. The application of mulching cultivation technology is an effective way to improve crop yield, and has promoted the development of agriculture. The application of plastic film was known as the third revolution following fertilizer, seeds in agriculture, also called "white revolution"(Zhang Ying,2005).

However, plastic is a polymer material, which is non-perishable, difficult degradation, experiments show that the degradation of plastics needs 200 years in the soil (Bian Yousheng, 2005). With the unceasing expanding of mulching area of plastic film and the increasing of using years, the residual plastic film that was not degraded and continued to be accumulated in farmland, large numbers of residual film formed barrier layer gradually, which could hinder the development of crop root and the absorption of moisture and nutrients, hinder machinery tillage, damage crops growth environment, lead to soil compaction , poor permeability, reduction of crop yield and severe environmental pollution, the phenomenon that a large number of plastic film left in farmland make "white revolution " which has brought Gospel to agricultural production be transformed into "white pollution" (Liu Junke, 2000). In order to protect farmland ecological environment, domestic and international measures were actively developed and a variety of environmentally friendly biodegradable plastic film which can produce oxidized photochemical and biochemical effects were promoted, the use of biodegradable plastic film would be an effective way to completely solve the "white pollution" (Yang Huidi, 2000).

In recent years, biodegradable plastic film material and degradation process has become a research focus (Li Xianfa, 2004; Sun Jianping, et al, 2000; Zhang Chunhong et al, 2007). Currently, photolysis film, biodegradable film, photolysis/biodegradable film were researched more, the degradation process of film depended on biodegradation, photodegradation and chemical degradation, and the effect of efficiency, synergy and coherence between the three main degradation process. Although a variety of biodegradable plastic film were developed in China, due to the high cost, the poor economy and the difficulty of

Study on Manufacturing Technology and Performance of Biogas Residue Film 269

Organic matter of biogas residue is not only a good fertilizer, but also conducive to microbial activity and the formation of granular structure, the organic matter surface can absorb amounts of soluble effective nutrients, under the soil microorganism's action, it can continuously provide compatible nutrients for growing (Zhang Wudi, 2003). Currently, the

Biogas residue contain 24 kinds of amino acid, many kinds of trace elements, B vitamins and other nutrients, biogas residue can be used to feed pigs, 50kg fodder can be saved and one month of fattening period can be shortened when fattening one pig. Feeding fish with biogas residue can not only improve fish yield and quality, but also reduce the occurrence of fish diseases, breeding earthworms with biogas residue can provide fodder of high-quality

Biogas residue is a high quality fertilizer, it can effectively improve soil physical and chemical property, increase soil organic matter and nutrient content, improve soil porosity,

The research which was made by C.Namasivayam (1995) showed that biogas residue can absorb heavy metal Cr6 in wastewater better at pH was 1.5; biogas residue can absorb the "Direct red 12 B" stain in industry wastewater better at pH 2.7; biogas residue can absorb Pb

Using artificial culture and old kiln mud as bacteria, together with anaerobic biogas residue, the yield rate of wine increased 10.5% than without biogas residue (Lu Baoqing, 1997).

Mixing biogas residue and straw with a 1:1 ratio was used for mushroom matrix. The

Biodegradable materials research began in the 1960s. The initial study was mainly to add natural polymers with biodegradable properties (such as starch, etc.) to generic plastic, then get the so-called biodegradable materials. St.Lawrence starch-company developed a starch– polyethylene or polypropylene blends in Canada (Qiu Weiyang, 2002). With human understanding of biodegradability of macromolecule, the research focus began to turn to biodegradable materials (Qiao Haijun, 2007), which can be classified as microorganism

Currently, the research of biodegradable film mainly focuses on the following aspects: (1) photo-degradation film, it is made of resin mixed with photo-sensitizer and accelerator. (2)

utilization of biogas residue is mainly as following (Guo Qiang et al., 2005):

protein for livestock, while improve the utilization value of biogas residue.

1. Biogas residue fodder

2. Biogas residue fertilizer

3. Biogas residue adsorbent

4. Biogas residue brewing

5. Biogas residue compost

**1.1.2 Biodegradable film research status** 

**1.1.2.1 Research status of biodegradable film materials** 

bulk density and water retention (Xu Shiwen, 1987).

2 in wastewater better, and adsorption capacity can reach 28mg/g.

biggest biogas industry was built in Nyirbator of Hungary (S.Ranik, 2004).

synthetic polymer, chemical synthetic polymer and natural polymer.

controlling the degradation of biodegradable film, the promotion and development were hindered. So, the development of degradable film which has good economy and low cost has become the main research direction.

In China, the construction of biogas started in the 1970s, and so far, with over 30 years of history. Biogas technology mainly used manure, straw and other organic substances as raw material to produce biogas by anaerobic fermentation (Zhang Yongmei, 2008). In recent years, the promotion and application of biogas technology was rapid in China, at the end of 2005, 17 million household biogas digesters and 140000 sewage purification digesters were built in rural areas, with an annual output of about 80 billions m3 gas. By the end of 2006, the total number of the rural household biogas has reached 22 millions, biogas construction had entered a new stage of rapid development. Currently, biogas residue were mainly used for planting, breeding, sideline and processing industry (Lu Mei et al, 2007; Guo Qiang, et al, 2005; RK Gupta, 2002), which was difficult to get high value resources utilization, so if its solid waste after anaerobic digestion could achieve high value resource utilization, the economic efficiency of industrial production of biogas could be improved and good ecological and social benefits would be produced (Tian Xin, 2008; Ye Xujun, et al, 2000).

In addition, because ruminant animals mainly fed on coarse fodder, such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn stalk, etc. The conversion rate of straw fibre was not high, the main reason for this phenomenon was that 20% to 70% of the fibre can not be degraded by rumen bacteria of ruminants, the result was that the biogas residue which was from ruminant manure fermentation contained large amounts of wood cellulose (An Juan, 2005).

Therefore, the full biodegradable biogas residue fibre film made of ruminant animal manure or fibre residue of straw fermentation for biogas and a certain percentage of plant fibre, using cleaner production processes, had moisture conservation and weeding property. The film could be completely degraded by microorganisms in the period of crop growth, restore in the soil, improve soil organic matter content, and meanwhile not pollute the environment, all of these would lay the foundation for applications and promotion of biodegradable film, to sustain agricultural sustainable development of our country had important realistic and historical significance.
