Preface

VI Contents

Chapter 9 **Economic and Ecological Potential** 

Chapter 10 **Feasibility of Bioenergy** 

Marta Kisielewska

Nora Niemetz, Karl-Heinz Kettl,

**Production from Ultrafiltration** 

Chapter 12 **Photofermentative Hydrogen Generation** 

Chapter 13 **Study on Manufacturing Technology** 

Chapter 15 **Dairy Farming and the Stagnated** 

Agnes Godfrey Mwakaje

Chapter 16 **Enhancing Biogas Production and** 

Chapter 17 **Biogas Plant Constructions 343** 

M. Samer

Chapter 18 **Conditioning of Biogas for** 

Norazwina Zainol

Krystyna Seifert, Roman Zagrodnik, Mikołaj Stodolny and Marek Łaniecki

Chapter 14 **Digestate: A New Nutrient Source – Review 295** 

**Biogas Use in Rungwe District, Tanzania:** 

**UASB Start-Up by Chitosan Addition 327** 

**Injection into the Natural Gas Grid 369**  Frank Burmeister, Janina Senner and Eren Tali

Chapter 19 **Kinetics of Biogas Production from Banana Stem Waste 395** 

Manfred Szerencsits and Michael Narodoslawsky

**Whey Permeate Using the UASB Reactors 191** 

**in Presence of Waste Water from Food Industry 251** 

**and Performance of Biogas Residue Film 267**  Chen Haitao, Li Lixia, Wang Hanyang and Liu Lixue

Marianna Makádi, Attila Tomócsik and Viktória Orosz

**An Investigation of the Constraining Factors 311** 

Chantaraporn Phalakornkule and Maneerat Khemkhao

Chapter 11 **Microbiological Methods of Hydrogen Generation 223**  Krystyna Seifert, Michał Thiel, Ewelina Wicher, Marcin Włodarczak and Marek Łaniecki

**Assessment for Biogas Production Based on Intercrops 173** 

There is a great challenge for the management of waste, especially in generating clean energy that will decrease the burden of environmental pollution, with the fields of both science and technology working in unison to develop new ways of utilizing and extending it's shelf-life by developing alternative uses. Until now, there have been a lot of publications dealing with solid waste management, but there are still very few documents that can provide information regarding the use of this waste as a raw material. In the last few years, research has been focused on the transformation of waste into a useful product has made considerable progress. In developing countries, due to imbalance of demand and supply of energy, mainly in rural areas, choosing a source that fulfills the requirements has become essential, and they can use waste as other raw materials. Biogas, which is mainly generated from organic waste, is useful for them. In this context, a book on "Biogas", in which the emphasis is made on the chemistry of each step involved in biogas generation along with engineering principles and practices, is introduced. Each chapter of the book carries valuable and updated information from basics to apex, helping readers to understand more precisely. Different concepts have been covered to expand the views of the readers about the subject.

This publication will be very helpful to academics, researchers, NGOs and others working in the field.

> **Dr. Sunil Kumar** National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata Zonal Laboratory I-8, Kolkata, India

**1** 

*Nigeria* 

**Potentials of Selected** 

**Manure as Sources of Biofuels** 

*Institute of Agricultural Research & Training, Ibadan,* 

The chapter presents comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge on the themes of biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel as obtained from cassava, cocoyam, jatropha, grasses and manure. The author's research findings as well as those reported by other researchers are used for the discussion. Recommendations as regards how to benefit much more from these biofuels derived from selected tropical crops are presented. It is anticipated that these recommendations will be of immense help to academics and industry specialists working in

In contemporary times, a great deal of interest has been generated worldwide regarding the use of biofuels namely biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel for energy supply. The most ambitious goal thus far in respect of the development and exploitation of renewable energy sources appear to be that articulated by the European Renewable Energy Council. According to European Renewable Energy Council EREC (2010) in March 2007, the Heads of States and Governments of the 27 EU Member States adopted a binding target of 20% renewable energy in final energy consumption by 2020 and 100% by 2050. Combined with the commitment to improve energy efficiency by 20% until 2020 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% (or respectively 30% in case of a new international climate agreement) against the 1990 level, Europe's political leaders paved the way for a more sustainable energy future for the European Union and for the next generations. In order to reach the binding overall target of at least 20% renewable energy by 2020, the development of all existing renewable energy sources as well as a balanced deployment in the heating and cooling, electricity and transport sectors is needed. According to estimates of the European renewable energy industry around 40% of electricity demand will be generated with renewable energy sources by 2020 (EREC, 2010). Furthermore, the new Renewable Energy Directive (RED) will undoubtedly stimulate the renewable energy heating and cooling market, and according to EREC's projections, up to 25% of heating and cooling consumption can come from renewable energy by 2020. Similar kind of awareness is evident in other

**1. Introduction** 

such areas.

**2. Contemporary focus on renewable energy** 

**Tropical Crops and** 

*Federal College of Agriculture Ibadan,* 

Babajide A. Adelekan
