**3. Intercrops**

In temperate climate zones, allowing only the cultivation of one main crop per year, intercrops are planted after the harvest of the main crops (e.g. wheat, corn or triticale) or as undersown crops, while the main crop is still growing. Summer intercrops are harvested in

Economic and Ecological Potential Assessment for Biogas Production Based on Intercrops 177

Methane yields per hectare, achievable with winter intercrops, average out at about 1100 cubic meter with a methane content per kg organic dry matter of 310 liter. The methane yields of summer intercrops are lower and achieved 800 cubic meter per hectare in average. The methane content amounts in average 290 liter methane per kg organic dry matter. Therefore, between 4 and 6 hectare of intercrops are required to substitute one hectare of corn as biogas feedstock. This may seem little at the first glance. Considering the fact, that only rates of 10 or 20 percent of arable land should be used for biogas production at maximum, if the security of food supply should not be threatened, it becomes a considerable dimension, since intercrops for biogas production may be cultivated on 60 up to 90 percent of the arable land, if crop rotations are designed accordingly. Therefore the overall biogas

However, the realization of these potentials requires adaptations of farmers' conditions for biogas production, as current reimbursement schemes and common technical equipment for tillage, drilling, harvest and biogas production make the use of intercrops profitable, only if farmers also apply for agro-environmental payments. Since these payments are only available in certain countries and are not guaranteed for the same period as biogas plants have to be operated, the risk for specific investments is considerable. To stimulate biogas production from intercrops, the physiological advantages and higher competitiveness of corn should be taken into account in the design of reimbursement schemes and tariffs should compensate lower yield potentials of intercrops. Higher feed-in tariffs for biogas from intercrop feedstock, as they are already provided for the use of manure in smaller biogas systems, would also encourage the optimization of agronomic practices (e. g. plant species used as intercrops, tillage, drilling) and technical equipment. In this way, the

Based on input data for the production of main crops with and without intercrops several ecological footprints were calculated. Corn silage as main crop has a yield of 15 ton per hectare (dry matter) and 4 t (dry matter) per hectare of intercrop. SPI calculation includes

> **improved intercrops system**

Tractor (<45 kW), light workload 0.40 0.23 0.04 0.04 0.04 Tractor (<45 kW), normal workload 0.18 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 Tractor (<70 kW), normal workload 0.88 0.44 0.55 0.52 0.55 Tractor (<70 kW), heavy workload 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.13 Tractor (70-110 kW), light workload 0.24 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 Tractor (70-110 kW), normal workload 0.36 0.24 0.20 0.28 0.20 Application of N-Fertiliser 12.67 Application of P-Fertiliser 1.57 Application of K-Fertilisation 9.29 Application of Ca-Fertiliser 8.43 Herbicide Phenmediapham 0.00 0.00 61.56 61.56 61.56 Herbicide Terbuthylazin SP 0.00 0.00 108.05 108.05 108.05 Herbicide Pyridate SP 0.00 0.00 6.91 6.91 6.91

8.43

9.33 1.57 9.29

**common intercrop system**

**intercrop intercrop main crop main crop main crop (no intercrops** 

**workings hours per ton (dry matter)** 

**g per ton (dry matter)**

**kg per ton (dry matter)**

**improved** 

**intercrops system conventional**

**combination)**

potential of intercrops is comparable with the potential of corn.

amount and reliability of intercrop yields would be increased additionally.

**common intercrop system**

**3.1 Ecological evaluation of intercrops** 

**LCI input data**

pesticides

Table 3. LCI data

fertilizer

machinery input

September or October as long as the trafficability of fields is sufficient. Achievable yields of summer intercrops are higher, the earlier main crops are harvested and intercrops are sown. The variety of plant species, suitable for biogas production from summer intercrops is very high and reaches from different kinds of millet, over grainlegumes, clover, sun flowers to cruciferae or other plants, adequate for regional conditions and the specific crop rotation of the fields. If cultivated as undersown crops, the variety of usable plant species (e. g. specific types of clover and grass) is restricted to those, not growing too fast and capable to resist a long period with shadow from the main crops.

Winter intercrops (e. g. feeding rye, triticale, different types of clover or rape) are sown in autumn and reaped before the cultivation of summer main crops (e. g. corn or soybean). The later winter intercrops are harvested, the higher are the achievable intercrop yields but the higher is also the risk of diminishing yields of the main crop. For example, output cuts of corn may be higher than additional yields of the intercrop, if intercrops are harvested in the middle of May or later. Therefore, the harvest of the intercrop at exactly the right moment with immediate subsequent cultivation of the main crop is crucial for the overall outcome of this type of crop rotation.

Dry matter yields, achievable with intercrops, vary to a higher extent than those of main crops, because they grow at the edges of the growing season and have less opportunities to compensate unfavourable conditions for growing. Furthermore, there are only a few farmers with experience and appropriate machinery for cultivation and harvesting of intercrops for biogas production at present.

Dry matter yields of summer intercrops in own field experiments in the years 2009 and 2010 averaged out at about 3 tons per hectare. After early cultivation with adequate machinery yields achieved 5 tons and more in some cases. However, intercrops did not achieve yields worthy for harvest in other cases, because of late harvest of main crops in the middle of august in connection with high precipitation and low temperatures in august and September. Under these conditions undersown summer intercrops (e. g. red clover under wheat and spelt) were advantageous and reached yields of almost 5 tons in the middle of September.

The yields of winter intercrops depend mainly on the time of harvest and the average temperature in March and April. If harvested at the end of April or the beginning of May, yields of about 4 tons dry matter were achieved with feeding rye or mixtures of rye or triticale with winter pea or rape. Yields of the following corn were equal or at maximum 10 percent lower than corn without preceding intercrop, if the intercrop was sufficiently manured with biogas digestate. A comparison with average yields found by other authors is compiled in Table 2.


Table 2. Average yields of summer and winter intercrops

Methane yields per hectare, achievable with winter intercrops, average out at about 1100 cubic meter with a methane content per kg organic dry matter of 310 liter. The methane yields of summer intercrops are lower and achieved 800 cubic meter per hectare in average. The methane content amounts in average 290 liter methane per kg organic dry matter. Therefore, between 4 and 6 hectare of intercrops are required to substitute one hectare of corn as biogas feedstock. This may seem little at the first glance. Considering the fact, that only rates of 10 or 20 percent of arable land should be used for biogas production at maximum, if the security of food supply should not be threatened, it becomes a considerable dimension, since intercrops for biogas production may be cultivated on 60 up to 90 percent of the arable land, if crop rotations are designed accordingly. Therefore the overall biogas potential of intercrops is comparable with the potential of corn.

However, the realization of these potentials requires adaptations of farmers' conditions for biogas production, as current reimbursement schemes and common technical equipment for tillage, drilling, harvest and biogas production make the use of intercrops profitable, only if farmers also apply for agro-environmental payments. Since these payments are only available in certain countries and are not guaranteed for the same period as biogas plants have to be operated, the risk for specific investments is considerable. To stimulate biogas production from intercrops, the physiological advantages and higher competitiveness of corn should be taken into account in the design of reimbursement schemes and tariffs should compensate lower yield potentials of intercrops. Higher feed-in tariffs for biogas from intercrop feedstock, as they are already provided for the use of manure in smaller biogas systems, would also encourage the optimization of agronomic practices (e. g. plant species used as intercrops, tillage, drilling) and technical equipment. In this way, the amount and reliability of intercrop yields would be increased additionally.
