**6. References**

130 Biogas

*butzleri* was also recently found as a member of the microbial population in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) used to produce electricity from synthetic domestic wastewater that contained a mixture of VFAs as electron donors (Freguia et al., 2010). Similar results were obtained by Nien et al., 2011, where an *Arcobacter butzleri* strain, ED-1, was also determined to be part of the microbial community of a MFC fed with acetate. Although aerobic species were predominant because the metabolic activity determined (sulfate as the main product), the DGGE showed that profile some facultative anaerobes were as part of the microbial population, which could be related to the trophic properties of the community, and the

Some of the species found in the present study agreed with those previously reported in the literature for biofiltration systems used in the removal of reduced sulfur compounds. For example, Ding et al., 2006 studied a packed compost biofilter for the treatment of a mixture of H2S and methanol using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The authors established that the microbial community was composed of strains of *Thiobacillus*, *Sulfobacillus*, and *Alicyclobacillus hesperidensis*. In a biofilter packed with compost, activated carbon and sludge used for the removal of H2S, Chung, 2007 determined a microbial population composed of *Pseudomonas citronellolis*, *P. fluorescens*, *P. putida*, *S. capitis*, *Bacillus subtilis* and *Paracoccus denitrificans*. In a recently published work (Omri et al., 2011), it was reported that most bacteria in the operation samples were of the genera *Pseudomonas* sp., *Moraxellacea*, *Acinetobacter* and *Exiguobacterium*, which belong to the phyla Pseudomonadaceae, gamma-

A neighbor-joining tree (Fig 5.) of partial 16S rRNA sequences (approximately 750 bp) was constructed in MEGA4 (Tamura et al., 2007) by considering sequences obtained and

The feasibility of CH4 was demonstrated. High VS removal, the increased methane yield, and the natural pH control during the stable period of the ADS was obtained by codigestion of VFW and MR, due to an adequate ratio of nutrients and the availability of proteins for new cell synthesis. However, the increasing MR concentration in the ADS increased the H2S concentration in the gas stream. The elimination of H2S and VFAs by a biofiltration system was successfully determined, reaching high removal efficiencies of both compounds (95% and 99%, respectively). This approach could allow the potential use of the biogas maintaining the methane (CH4) content throughout the process. The microbial population characterization of the bioifltration system showed that dominant members of SOB were *Bosea thiooxidans* and *Thiobacillus* sp. Some facultative anaerobes were also determined in the system, which could be explained by the composition of the biogas stream and the

This work was supported through funding provided by the CONACYT grant 60976 and

different substrates in the biogas stream (H2S and VFAs).

Proteobacteria and Firmicutes.

**4. Conclusion** 

comparing them with others in the data bank.

conditions at different length of the reactor.

Instituto Politécnico Nacional, grant SIP 20113067.

**5. Acknowledgment** 


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**1. Introduction** 

from many sources.

**2.1 Biogas to the grid** 

the aspects of the gas grid, only.

**7** 

Peter Hass

*Germany* 

**Gas Quality Parameter Computation** 

The increasing number of biogas plants which is favored now as a part of the energy concept of the German Government and the European Union has major impact on traditional gas distribution and transmission systems. In addition, synthetic methane gas or hydrogen injections must be considered in the near future which will originate from wind power generation (conversion of excess capacities). The main aspect of this change is the resulting calorific value which may be subject to changes in a short time which must

This chapter describes the basics of gas mixing and the various situations which may be encountered and must be handled in the transportation or distribution process. There are some limitations which must be considered for industrial consumers and power plants. Measurements and simulations are required to survey and control the process of gas distribution and finally generate figures for accounting and billing. Some typical examples

The problems and limitations of the gas distribution process in heterogeneous networks and biogas injections are discussed with respect to the IT-structure and organizational environment. The final benefit that can be achieved is an individual calorific value for each consumer in the grid enabling a fair billing despite the variations of many gas injections

When the biogas finally had been produced, treated und conditioned it will either be fed into a nearby gas pipeline system or grid or it will be burned and transformed into electric power which is fed into the electric grid. In the following chapters we review and discuss

Normally, the gas grid used by biogas plants will be a low or medium pressure operated distribution network. Certain conditions may require that the biogas is compressed to a

therefore be measured, calculated and permanently surveyed.

are presented to give an insight into real situations and projects.

**2. Current and future gas injections of biogas vs. gas demand** 

higher level and being fed into a high pressure transportation network.

**in Intermeshed Networks** 

*IPSOS Industrial Consulting GmbH, Berlin,* 

