**Abstract**

Ecosystem-based planning and management strategies concerning wildlife protected areas are a necessary development in ensuring ecological integrity of protected areas and hence the stability and survival of wildlife populations in them. Ecosystem-based planning and management strategies are however a new approach, and thus, most protected areas in Africa were established before the approach became known. Consequently, most protected areas need to adopt ecosystem-based management (EBM) to ensure ecological integrity of the areas and the survival of wildlife, as well as maintenance of other environmental services in general. Serengeti Ecosystem is one very complex system, with a large expanse of area and a multitude of stakeholders. Thus, adoption of EBM for Serengeti Ecosystem is faced by several challenges, the most daunting of which is human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs). The chapter analyzes this challenge through fairly detailed examination of the case in examples of the most outstanding HWCs and the initiatives that have been tried out to facilitate ecosystem-based management of the Serengeti, and comes to the conclusion that, with some modifications, the Greater Serengeti Conservation Society presents the best chance under the circumstances to succeed in overcoming the challenges to adoption of EBM for the Serengeti Ecosystem.

**Keywords:** ecosystem-based management, Tanzania wildlife protected areas, Serengeti Ecosystem, Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Loliondo Controlled Area, Serengeti wildebeest annual migration, Maasai Mara National Game Reserve, Maasai transhumance, human-wildlife conflicts, human-elephant conflicts, wildlife management areas, Greater Serengeti Conservation Society, Serengeti Regional Conservation Strategy
