*Threats and Sustainability of Brazil Nut* (Bertholletia excelsa *Bonpl.*) *Pre-Industrialization... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113715*

increasing temperatures and the consequent reduction in relative humidity result in an increase in vapor pressure deficit. This observation casts a new perspective on the impacts of climate change in the Amazon region on the Brazil nut market. These observations are a cause for concern, as *B. excelsa* seeds have played a fundamental role in the livelihoods of Indigenous communities for thousands of years and local communities for centuries.

To conserve Brazil nut production, it is essential to curb global temperature rise, invest in industrial processes, adopt Brazil nut varieties better adapted to climate change, and restore Brazil nut occurrence lands with agroforestry systems. These measures can not only contribute to maintaining and increasing the annual production of Brazil nut but also add value to the products, preserving the importance of this ecosystem service in providing food and income for those living in the Amazon. Without the implementation of these measures, Brazil nut production is susceptible to the negative impacts of climate change.

New studies are important to expand knowledge about annual variations in Brazil nut production, including in terms of economic value. Additional research can explore whether climate variations affect other mesoregions to determine if the results observed in this study can be generalized or specific only to the Baixo Amazonas. Finally, it is relevant to understand how the synergistic interaction between global climate change and land use changes, especially deforestation, can impact on Brazil nut production.
