*3.3.1 Theories employed in the extracted articles*

The inquiry comprised 80 studies, however only 42 depended on theories, which were allocated as follows. Socioeconomics 11 studies RBT 9, Self-determination 4 types of research leadership theory Great man theory: 4 studies 9 research in the literature employed mixed studies; details are below.

*Leadership and Sustainable Innovation: A Systematic Literature Review DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109150*

## *3.3.2 Social exchange theory*

11 papers employed social exchange theory in this review, for example, the studies of [52], Jiang D. and Chen Z. [53], Li L. and Wang S. [54], Echebiri C.K. and Amundsen S. [55], and Liao S.-H. [56]. Homans proposed social exchange theory (1958), All human actions, including material and nonmaterial exchange, attempt to meet demands and attain pay and return equality, he said [57]. Blau [58] refined and developed the social exchange theory, noting that people interact socially to maintain favorable relationships, which promote reciprocity and social exchange behavior. Economic exchange is based on the exchange of interests, while social exchange is based on long-term mutually beneficial relationships and trust. The social exchange theory explains the relationship between paternalistic leadership, constructive deviance, and inventive conduct. Interaction with others influences an employee's constructive deviance, and intimate ties between leaders and subordinates come from employees feeling inspired by leaders' compassion and impartiality, producing a high-quality hierarchical exchange relationship. Sympathetic leaders boost employee engagement and exchange balance. This helps leaders and staff maintain long-term, beneficial connections.

### *3.3.3 Great man theory*

This was based on the idea that particular people possessed certain traits [59]. It is believed leaders are born with intrinsic characteristics and intended to lead. Until the late twentieth century, leadership was seen as a male realm, especially in the military and Western penmanship [59]. Leadership was regarded as a complex phenomenon involving the leader's psyche and personality. These theories likely stemmed from the era's prominent leaders. In 9 research using the great man idea, most writers found that outstanding leaders are born with distinct abilities that shape the company [37, 60].

### *3.3.4 Self-determination theory*

This theory has been successfully applied to parenting, education, healthcare, sports, physical activity, psychotherapy, virtual worlds, and job motivation and management [61, 62]. SDT demonstrates that job motivation affects employees' performance and well-being. Various types of motivation have different catalyzers, concomitants, and repercussions, according to SDT. Only 4 studies based on selfdetermination theory were discovered in the study sample [38, 63].
