**3.2 Typology of values in organizational culture**

Often used in research and treated as a universal tool for the study of values (thus used to study the organizational culture) is the M. Rokeach Value Test. M. Rokeach is the creator of the well-known and widely used classifications dividing values into two types: terminal and instrumental values.1 Terminal values (safety, material well-being, social maturity, perfection, love, environmental protection, passionate life, beauty, self-esteem, friendship, pleasure, family, equality, inner peace, life success, happiness, social recognition, freedom, salvation, health, and human life) relate to behavior; instrumental values (ambitious, pure, intellectual, loving, logical, independent, responsible, courageous, cheerful, helpful, obedient, hardworking, tolerant, creative, honest, kind, talented, faithful, forgiving, and balanced) deal with the extreme (terminal) states of existence. Terminal values embrace moral categories (e.g., honesty) and competence categories (e.g., intelligence). They can also be classified into one of two groups: intrapersonal values—focused on the individual (such as prosperity, exciting life, social recognition, dignity, freedom, and prosperous life) or interpersonal values—focused on society (such as mature love, friendship, wisdom, equality, and sense of accomplishment).

<sup>1</sup> There are at least five versions of the M. Rokeach test, four of which show 18 final and instrumental values.

*Organizational Culture in Enterprises Applying the Humanistic and Economic Paradigm… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113155*

Instrumental values are described either as personal (the final way of describing oneself) or as social (the final way of describing society). Among personal values, there are moral values (e.g., honest, responsible, forgiving, and obedient) and competence values of cognitive and intellectual nature (e.g., ambitious, independent, courageous, intellectual, and gifted). Social values related to interpersonal relationships include such instrumental elements as helpful, tolerant, and courteous.

The usefulness of the M. Rokeach Value Test for management practice was confirmed by the research on professional groups [28, 29] and on ethnic and religious groups in the organization [17, 30] conducted in the 1980s, 1990s, and at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
