**6. Perspectives and conclusion**

Most of the preclinical studies have shown that aerosolisation preserves anti-cancer properties of a large amount of agents. Administration through the pulmonary route of anticancer drugs is well tolerated in animal models. Lung deposition is better following airways than systemic delivery. Moreover, blood passage is often lower when anti-cancer agents are administered through the airways. To date, the clinical studies of inhaled anticancer agents such as cisplatin, campthotecin, 5-fluoro-uracile, have demonstrated the safety and the pharmacokinetic advantages of airways administration in cancer patients. Moreover, antitumor responses have been observed including complete remission with inhaled interleukin-2 in renal cell carcinoma patients or with inhaled doxorubicin in lung cancer patients. However, studies were constructed with a small number of patients, the histological patterns were mostly heterogeneous with primary and secondary lung tumour mixed in the same trial and different devices or dosage were used to evaluate response to the same agent. Thus, it is difficult to bring conclusions on the real efficacy of anti-cancer agents administered through the airways, but significant effects are obvious. Despite promising results of inhaled anticancer drugs, the aerosol delivery of opioid or furosemide in palliative cancer patients was not convincing. Chemoprevention of lung cancer with inhaled agents is interesting, but further studies are needed to validate this approach.

It would be valuable to systematically integrate aerosol metrology and pharmacokinetic analysis with preclinical studies in order to improve drug deposition at the target site in the respiratory tract, and define the formulation that enables drugs to be retained in the lungs.

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#### **7. Acknowledgements**

The English text was edited by Dr Owen Parkes.

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**4**

Nguyen Tu H.K.

*Vietnam* 

**Cell Division Gene from Bacteria in** 

**Minicell Production for Therapy** 

*International University, Hochiminh City National University* 

Drug resistance is one of our biggest problems in terms of cancer therapy. Chemotherapeutic drug therapy in cancer is seriously hampered by severe toxicity primarily due to indiscriminate drug distribution and consequent collateral damage to normal cells. Therefore, the cancer treatment requires the combination with pharmaceutical science, cell biology, chemistry, electronics, materials, science and technology to improve the cancer therapy development. The results of genome sequencing and studies of biological– genetic function (functional genomics) are combined with chemical, microelectronic and micro system technologies to produce medical devices, known as diagnostic 'Biochips'. The multitude of biologically active molecules is expanded by additional novel structures created with newly arranged 'gene clusters' and (bio-) catalytic chemical processes. With the nanotechnology involving the ability to arrange molecules and atoms into molecular structures, the drug development in cancer treatment is also limitted. The application of micro-machining techniques is growing rapidly and has applications in microfluidics (for labs-on-a-chip), in sensors as well as in fiber optics and displays. Nowsaday, direct-write technologies are of increasing importance in materials processing. Building the structures are made directly without the use of masks, allowing rapid prototyping. The techniques comprise plasma spray, laser particle guidance, matrix-assisted pulsed-laser evaporation, laser chemical vapor deposition, micro-pen, ink jet, e-beam, focused ion beam and several droplet micro-dispensing methods. Micrometer-scale patterns of viable cells are required for the next generation of tissue engineering, fabrication of cell-based microfluidicbiosensor arrays, and selective separation and culturing of microorganisms. The patterns of viable *Escherichia coli* bacteria have been transferred onto various substrates with laser-based forward transfer technique. These tools can be used to create three-dimensional mesoscopically engineered structures of living cells, proteins, DNA strands and antibodies and two co- fabricate electronic devices on the same substrate to generate cell-based biosensors and bioelectronic interfaces and implants. Discrete nanoparticles with controlled chemical composition and size distribution are readily synthesized using reverse micelles and microemulsions as confined reaction media, but their assembly into well-defined superstructures amenable to practical use remains a difficult and demanding task. This usually requires the initial synthesis of spherical nanoparticles, followed by further processing such as solvent evaporation, molecular crosslinking or template patterning. The

**1. Introduction** 

