**Part 5**

**Cancer Diagnostic Technologies** 

444 Advances in Cancer Therapy

Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Sun, R., Feng, J., Wei, H. & Tian, Z. (2005). Opposing effect of

Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J. & Tian, Z. (2009). Sodium butyrate upregulates

1567- 5769

1285, ISSN 0340-7004

IFNgamma and IFNalpha on expression of NKG2 receptors: negative regulation of IFNgamma on NK cells. *Int Immunopharmacol*, Vol.5, No.6, pp. 1057-1067, ISSN

expression of NKG2D ligand MICA/B in HeLa and HepG2 cell lines and increases their susceptibility to NK lysis. *Cancer Immunol Immunother*, Vol.58, No.8, pp. 1275-

**21**

*University of Bolton United Kingdom*

**Non-Invasive Devices for Early Detection of** 

**Microwave Radio Thermometry** 

Tahir H. Shah, Elias Siores and Chronis Daskalakis *Institute of Materials Research and Innovation (IMRI),* 

**Breast Tissue Oncological Abnormalities Using** 

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, comprising 16% of all female cancers and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women ages 40-55. Each year in the U.S.A. over 180,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer and 46,000 women die of this disease. One in twelve women in the United Kingdom develops breast cancer and the annual death toll stands at around 14,000. Over 33,000 new cases are being monitored year on year basis in the UK. In all, 10%-11% of all women can expect to be affected by breast cancer at some time during their lives. The causes of most breast cancers are not yet fully understood. Sixty years ago, MacDonald proposed that the biological behaviour of a neoplasm is established during its preclinical growth phase (MacDonald, 1951). This view is supported by some data on the behaviour of metastatic lesions such as poor cytological differentiation, lymphatic permeation, blood vessel invasion and the invasion of the surrounding soft tissue by the tumour (Nealon et al, 1979). Screening and early diagnosis are currently the most effective ways to reduce mortality from this disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are the keys to surviving breast cancer. Breast cancer survival rates vary greatly worldwide, ranging from over 80% in North America, Sweden and Japan to around 60% in middle-income countries and below 40% in low-income countries. It is believed that the low survival rates in less developed countries are mainly due to the lack of early detection programmes, resulting in a high proportion of women presenting with late-stage disease, as well as by the lack of adequate diagnosis and treatment facilities. Studies from the American National Cancer Institute show that 96 percent of women whose breast cancer is detected early live five or more years after treatment. Early diagnosis remains an important detection strategy, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the disease is diagnosed in late stages and resources are very limited. There is some evidence that this strategy can produce "down staging" of the disease to stages that are more amenable to less aggressive treatment. Therefore, thousands of lives and considerable healthcare costs could be saved each year with treatment if early symptoms of breast cancer are detected. Taking full advantage of early diagnosis and treatment means that screening technology should have the characteristics that have high detection success rate, speed of

procedure, comfort to the subject and very low health risk.

**1. Introduction**
