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**22**

Irina Panovska-Stavridis

*Republic of Macedonia* 

*University Clinic of Hematology, Skopje* 

**Immunophenotyping of the Blast Cells in Correlations with the Molecular Genetics** 

**Myeloid Leukemia: Single Center Experience**

Acute leukemias are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that result from the malignant transformation of immature hematopoietic cells followed by clonal proliferation and accumulation of the transformed cells. They are characterized by aberrant differentiation and maturation of the malignant cells, with a maturation arrest and accumulation of more

The natural history of acute leukemia and the response to therapy varies according to the type of blast involved in the leukemic process. Although in many instances the lineage assignment of the different types of blast cells may be recognized by simple morphological and cytochemical stains, it is necessary to employ immunological analyses with monoclonal antibodies and cytogenetic or molecular biological techniques to identify their particular

Acute leukemias are primarily characterized according to their differentiation along the myeloid and lymphoid lineage and they are divided into two main groups: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In 10% to 20% of patients, the leukemic cells have characteristics of both myeloid and lymphoid cells (Lichtman et

The classification of the acute leukemias underwent many changes in recent years. The French-American-British (FAB) classification of AML and ALL was based on cytomorphological and cytohemistry details only. Since then, the diagnostic of acute leukemias had undergone a complete change and the routine diagnostic work-up incorporated immunophenotyping by multiparameter flow cytometry, classical cytogenetics, molecular cytogenetics (comprising diverse fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques and comparative genomic hybridization) and molecular genetics (mostly polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques and sequencing) (Bennet et al., 1997; First MIC Cooperative Study Group, 1985; Haferlach et al.,

than 20% of leukemic blast in the bone marrow (Lichtman et al., 2010).

differentiation features (Haferlach et al., 2007).

**1. Introduction 1.1 Acute leukemias** 

al.,2010).

2007).

**Analyses for Diagnostic and Clinical** 

**Stratification of Patients with Acute** 

