*Effect of Non-Traditional Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111900*

processing and if the methods adapted in commercial grinding are done, the fineness could be enhanced.

Like the POFA, POCP, RHA, another palm oil industrial by-products, namely EPP can also be considered as an SCM; it is produced from the spent bleach earth (SBE) used in the palm oil refineries. The oxide composition and physical properties of EPP are shown in **Tables 3** and **4**, respectively. **Table 3** compares the oxide composition of traditionally used pozzolan, fly ash with EPP. Based on the oxide composition outlined in ASTM C618–19, EPP can be classified as class N natural pozzolan. The SEM image of EPP as shown in **Figure 11** indicates the presence of pores with irregular shaped particles.

**Figure 8.** *SEM image of POFA.*

**Figure 9.** *SEM image of POCP.*

**Figure 10.** *Particle size distribution of ashes.*


### **Table 3.**

*Oxides composition of FA and EPP.*


#### **Table 4.** *Physical properties of EPP.*

*Effect of Non-Traditional Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111900*

**Figure 11.** *SEM image of EPP.*
