**3. Situating resilience in the cycle of disaster**

While the concept of resilience embodies all the stages identified in the cycle of disaster, in practice, within humanitarian response, enacting urban resilience is often situated in mitigation and preparedness activities before a disaster occurs and is much less discussed in relief and recovery actions. For example, the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction's (UNISDR) *Making Cities Resilient* campaign identifies 'ten essentials' that include pre-disaster building regulations and land use planning principles, education and training programmes on community-based disaster risk reduction [11]. The IFRC's 'characteristics of a disaster-resilient community' identifies characteristics such as that communities are knowledgeable and healthy, are organised, have economic opportunities and are connected with external actors [12].

The City Resilience Index (CRI), developed by Rockefeller Foundation and Arup, identifies 'eight functions of a resilient city', including the delivery of basic needs, safeguards for human life, protecting, maintaining and enhancing assets (such as buildings and transport networks as well as natural systems, such as rivers and ground water), facilitating human relationships and identity, promoting knowledge, education and innovation, defending the rule of law, justice and equity, supporting livelihoods, and stimulating economic prosperity [13].

There may well therefore be opportunities for identifying and embedding resilience thinking within urban disaster relief and recovery actions; that is, to 'get ahead' of the (cycle of disaster) curve and not wait until later. The remainder of this chapter presents and discusses three opportunities for identifying actions that may build resilience in post-disaster urban recovery: ensuring people-centred approaches in recovery to prevent exclusion; seeing cities as systems (to navigate complexity); and improving collaboration for greater inclusion.
