**Figure 1.**

*Comprehensive elements of sustainable development theory in real estate.*

real estate developers sustain economic growth by incorporating economic viability into decision-making. Social equality is another TBL tenet. Real estate projects affect local communities; thus, they must improve social well-being [17]. Social equity in decision-making fosters inclusion, diversity, and equitable resource and benefit distribution in the TBL theory. TBL developers meet with stakeholders, perform social impact analyses, and create solutions that improve quality of life. This includes affordable housing, community involvement, essential amenities, and social cohesiveness. Environmentalism is TBL's third dimension. Sustainable real estate development must address climate change and environmental damage. The TBL theory recommends combining environmental factors into site selection, design, construction, and operation. This strategy requires sustainable site planning, energy-efficient designs, water conservation, trash reduction, and eco-friendly materials. Sustainable real estate projects reduce their carbon footprint, protect natural resources, and improve the earth. The TBL theory integrates economic viability, social equality, and environmental sustainability into real estate development, going beyond financial profitability. These factors synergistically build sustainable constructed environments [18]. Developers must collaborate with architects, urban planners, economists, sociologists, and environmental scientists to implement the TBL theory. TBL partnerships encourage creative real estate development that balances economic, social, and ecological goals. The triple bottom line approach helps evaluate real estate developments for economic viability, social equality, and environmental sustainability. By addressing these three factors, developers may build sustainable environments that promote long-term financial, social, and ecological stability. The TBL theory helps developers prioritize the triple bottom line for a more egalitarian and sustainable future as global demand for sustainable real estate grows (**Table 1**).

#### **2.3 Sustainable built environments: urban planning and design theories**

Urban planning and design ideas help create sustainable built environments by guiding real estate development [19]. New Urbanism, Smart Growth, and Transit-Oriented Development emphasize walkable communities, mixed land uses, and efficient transit networks. These ideas may minimize automobile dependence and improve community livability in urban planning and design. New Urbanism promotes mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly districts that encourage community. This philosophy encourages walking and biking to adjacent facilities by integrating residential, commercial, and recreational areas. New Urbanism and Smart Growth are two growing paradigms in urban design that attempt to solve environmental problems, housing difficulties, and community welfare. Both concepts are regarded as emerging urban design paradigms [20]. These methods emphasize sustainability by reducing the detrimental effects of long-distance travel, congestion, carbon emissions, and overall energy usage. These ideas seek to protect open space by encouraging "smart development" measures such as concentrating population expansion in metropolitan regions and limiting "urban sprawl." However, the unique context and location have a role in determining whether these planning concepts are applicable and significant. This is because the degree to which these ideas are feasible and successful varies from one place to another [21]. Compact development is an urban planning technique to optimize land use while minimizing the demand for extra infrastructure and public services. It is often recommended in many urban planning endeavors because it can give various housing alternatives, from low-cost to high-end. By implementing compact development principles, real estate developers may contribute to


#### **Table 1.**

*Comprehensive synthesis of sustainable real estate concepts: Reference-based analysis and thematic interpretation.*

environmental sustainability, social equality, and community livability by assuring the availability of houses for people of all economic levels and fostering social justice. According to Bukowski and Kreissl, addressing issues of inequality as a pervasive principle throughout the sustainable development goals (SDGs) framework, particularly through the lens of power relations and exemplified by housing-related social concerns, represents a comprehensive approach to effectively address challenges and solutions within the SDG framework while being sensitive to the impact of inequality [22]. This viewpoint highlights the need to incorporate social justice principles into urban planning procedures, resulting in a fairer and more responsive environment to varied societal requirements.

It also protects natural resources and vulnerable locations. TOD theory creates lively mixed-use districts around public transit hubs. TOD emphasizes public transportation by placing residential, commercial, and recreational activities within walking distance of transit stops [23]. This decreases traffic, air pollution, and community accessibility, affordability, and social connectedness. These urban planning and design ideas help real estate developers incorporate sustainability concepts. New Urbanism allows developers to create walkable, connected, and friendly communities. Smart Growth techniques maximize land use, protect natural resources, and

build inclusive communities. Transit-oriented development improves air quality and greenhouse gas emissions by creating efficient transit networks and decreasing car usage. These ideas need stakeholder engagement to be implemented. Sustainable design must be incorporated into real estate project planning and execution by architects, urban planners, politicians, community leaders, and developers [24]. This interdisciplinary approach evaluates economic viability, social equality, and environmental sustainability for more comprehensive and effective initiatives. In conclusion, New Urbanism, Smart Growth, and Transit-Oriented Development may help build sustainable cities. By adopting these beliefs, real estate developers may promote environmental sustainability, social equality, and community livability. These approaches make urban planning more inclusive and sustainable [25].
