**Abstract**

There has been a rise in campaigns promoting the protection of the environment and the development of green economies. A green economy aims to improve human well-being and social equity while reducing environmental risks and scarcities. It focuses on low carbon emissions, efficient resource usage, and inclusivity. The concept of green economies emerged due to the negative impact of traditional economies on the environment and natural resources. African economies, which largely rely on agriculture, often resort to high-yield crops and chemical fertilizers to meet food demand. However, these practices are costly for smallholder farmers and contribute to environmental degradation. To address this, alternative systems, such as Effective Microorganisms (EM), are being explored. EM are beneficial microorganisms that can enhance crop growth and soil quality. They consist of lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes. Commercially produced EM have shown promising results in enhancing crop growth. However, further research is needed to fully understand their benefits. EM offer a potential solution for organic soil management without harming the environment and are relatively affordable compared to intensive agriculture practices. Therefore, this chapter offers an in-depth focus on EM and their benefits, and potential role in agricultural food production and prospects.

**Keywords:** effective microorganisms, soil management, mineral fertilizers, organic manure, sustainable agriculture
