**9. Soil biological properties**

Conservation tillage practices bring significant changes to soil biological properties compared to conventionally plowed soils. With minimal soil disturbance and increased crop residues left on the soil surface, conservation tillage creates a more favorable environment for soil organisms. One notable impact is the increase in microbial diversity and activity. The continuous supply of organic matter from crop residues fosters microbial growth, leading to enhanced nutrient cycling and improved decomposition of organic materials. This, in turn, boosts nutrient availability for plants, supporting healthier crop growth. Another notable change is the promotion of earthworm and macroinvertebrate activity. The presence of crop residues provides these soil organisms with a constant food source and shelter, leading to higher populations and increased soil bioturbation. The significance of earthworms and macroinvertebrates in the context of soil aeration, organic matter breakdown, and nutrient cycling cannot be overstated. These organisms are instrumental in enhancing soil structure and promoting nutrient availability. The implementation of conservation tillage practices has been found to have a positive impact on the accumulation of soil organic matter. The reduced soil disturbance and slower decomposition rates in conservation tillage systems allow organic matter to build up over time. This accumulation enhances soil biological activity and nutrient retention, promoting a more vibrant and resilient soil ecosystem. Organic carbon is a crucial component that serves as a significant energy source and effectively governs microbial activity

*Enhancing Agriculture through Strategic Tillage and Soil Management: Unleashing Potential… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113038*

within soil [37]. The utilization of conventional tillage techniques is known to have a significant impact on the preservation and maintenance of organic carbon (OC) levels. The primary source of soil enzymes is derived from microorganisms when compared to from plants and animals [38]. The tillage practices chosen directly and indirectly impact the biodynamics of soil. The presence of carbon in CT promotes the acceleration of soil enzyme activities, thereby contributing to the enhancement of soil biological health [39].

Moreover, conservation tillage systems foster a more significant presence of mycorrhizal fungi. The reduced disturbance and continuous presence of crop residues create favorable conditions for mycorrhizal symbiosis with plant roots. Mycorrhizal associations enhance nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus and micronutrients, further supporting plant growth and health [40]. The utilization of computed tomography (CT) has been observed to yield positive effects and foster harmonious interactions with soil biological components. The minimal alteration of the land plays a crucial role in facilitating the establishment and development of communities, thereby fostering a harmonious equilibrium among various biological components [41, 42]. Overall, conservation tillage practices lead to a more biologically active and diverse soil ecosystem compared to conventionally plowed soils. These changes in soil biological properties contribute to improved soil health, increased nutrient availability, enhanced carbon sequestration, and, ultimately, sustainable agricultural practices.
