**1. Introduction**

Throughout the world, non-infectious diseases are the cause of most deaths and disability, diminish quality of life, and create high healthcare costs. According to 2022 data of the World Health Organisation [WHO], cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death [17.9 million deaths] among non-infectious diseases. Heart failure is a syndrome that is dealt within the scope of cardiovascular diseases with a high comorbidity profile, which affects 26 million people worldwide.

Despite continuously developing science and technology in the healthcare sector, heart failure has a high prevalence in older adults and has a negative effect on survival [1]. According to the 2015 data of the American Heart Association, there were approximately 6.2 million patients aged over 20 years with heart failure disease; 870,000 new diagnoses were added every year, and it was predicted that the rate of diagnosis would increase by 46% by 2030 [2]. The prevalence of heart failure in

developed countries has been reported to be approximately 1–2% of the adult population and ≥ 10% in those aged >70 years.

The 5- and 10-year survival rates of heart failure patients are 44.5 and 24.5%, respectively. These patients also have frequent hospital admissions. It has been reported that the re-admission rate within 30 days of hospital discharge is 20–30%, and the rehospitalisation rates within the first 6 and 12 months are 28 and 31%, respectively [3]. Heart failure survival has improved over time, but the absolute 5-year mortality rate for heart rate from the time of diagnosis remains at 50%. It has been stated that the financial burden of the care of heart failure patients exceeds 30 million USD per year [4]. The estimation of the prevalence of advanced stage heart failure continues to be an epidemiological difficulty as a result of the relatively low incidence of this condition and the dependence of detection on a developing range of treatments [5].
