**Part 3**

**MicroRNAs in Treatment of Glioma** 

56 Novel Therapeutic Concepts in Targeting Glioma

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**4** 

*Czech Republic* 

**MicroRNA and Glial Tumors:** 

Jiri Sana, Marian Hajduch and Ondrej Slaby\*

*Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno,* 

**Tiny Relation with Great Potential** 

*Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc,* 

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Dysregulation of these molecules has been observed in many types of cancers. Altered expression levels of several miRNAs were identified also in gliomas. It was many times showed that miRNAs are involved in core signaling pathways, which play roles in crucial cellular processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, invasion, angiogenesis and stem cell behaviour. Therefore, miRNAs have a great potential for oncodiagnostic as well as could be promising therapeutic

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a numerous class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs, 18 – 25 nucleotides in length, which function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. The regulation proceeds through binding of miRNAs to their mRNA targets (Bartel, 2004). Currently, the miRBase annotates over 800 verified miRNA sequences in the human genome and the number is still expanding (Griffiths-Jones et al., 2008). Bioinformatics and cloning studies have estimated that miRNAs may regulated more than 50% of all human genes and each miRNA can control hundreds of gene targets. This is possible among others due to the fact that the binding of miRNA to the mRNA doesn't require perfect complementarity. MiRNAs are highly conserved in sequence between distantly related organisms, indicating their participation in essential biological processes. It is well known today that miRNAs are involved in many signaling pathways playing crucial roles in such cellular processes as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis that affect biological processes including development and cancerogenesis (Alvarez-Garcia & Miska, 2005; Carthew & Sontheimer, 2009; Croce, 2009; Hatfield & Ruohola-Baker, 2008; Winter & Diederichs, 2011; Lakomy, 2011). A large fraction of miRNAs exhibits strict developmental stage-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns. Moreover, the levels of many miRNAs

**1. Introduction** 

targets in gliomas.

\* Corresponding Author

**2. MicroRNA: Function and biogenesis** 
