**1. Introduction**

182 Advances in the Biology, Imaging and Therapies for Glioblastoma

van Waarde, A.; Cobben, D. C.; Suurmeijer, A. J.; Maas, B.; Vaalburg, W.; de Vries, E. F.;

van Waarde, A.; Jager, P. L.; Ishiwata, K.; Dierckx, R. A. & Elsinga, P. H., (2006). Comparison

Wang, L.; Qu, W.; Lieberman, B. P.; Plossl, K. & Kung, H. F., (2011). Synthesis, uptake

Wang, S. X.; Boethius, J. & Ericson, K. (2006). FDG-PET on irradiated brain tumor: ten years'

Warburg, O. (1956). On the origin of cancer cells*, Science*, Vol. 123, No. 3191, pp. 309-314,

Weber, W. A.; Wester, H. J.; Grosu, A. L.; Herz, M., Dzewas, B.; Feldmann, H. J.; Molls, M.;

Wester, H. J.; Herz, M.; Weber, W.; Heiss, P.; Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, R.; Schwaiger, M., et

Wheeler, K. T.; Wang, L. M.; Wallen, C. A.; Childers, S. R.; Cline, J. M.; Keng, P. C. & Mach,

Wong, T. Z.; Turkington, T. G.; Hawk, T. C. & Coleman, R. E. (2004). PET and brain tumor

Wu, Y., Zhang, X.; Xiong, Z.; Cheng, Z.; Fisher, D. R.; Liu, S.; Gambhir, S. S. & Chen, X.

Wyss, M. T.; Spaeth, N., Biollaz, G.; Pahnke, J.; Alessi, P.; Trachsel, E.; Treyer, V.; Weber, B.;

Yamamoto, Y.; Nishiyama, Y.; Kimura, N.; Kameyama, R.; Kawai, N.; Hatakeyama, T.; Kaji,

image fusion*, Cancer J*, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 234-242, ISSN 1528-9117

Stöcklin, G. & Schwaiger, M. (2000). O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine and L- [methyl-11C]methionine uptake in brain tumours: initial results of a comparative

al. & Stöcklin G. (1999). Synthesis and radiopharmacology of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)- L-tyrosine for tumor imaging*, J Nucl Med*, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 205-212, ISSN 0161-

R. H. (2000). Sigma-2 receptors as a biomarker of proliferation in solid tumours*, Br J* 

(2005). microPET imaging of glioma integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression using (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide*, J Nucl Med*, Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 1707-1718,

Neri, D. & Buck A. (2007). Uptake of 18F-Fluorocholine, 18F-FET, and 18F-FDG in C6 gliomas and correlation with 131I-SIP(L19), a marker of angiogenesis*, J Nucl Med*,

M. & Ohkawa, M. (2008). 11C-acetate PET in the evaluation of brain glioma: comparison with 11C-methionine and 18F-FDG-PET*, Mol Imaging Biol*, Vol. 10, No. 5,

summary*, Acta Radiol*, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 85-90, ISSN 0284-1851

study*, Eur J Nucl Med*, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 542-549, ISSN 0340-6997

*Cancer*, Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 1223-1232, ISSN 0007-0920

Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 608-614, ISSN 0161-5505

pp. 281-287, ISSN 1536-1632

inflammation*, J Nucl Med*, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 150-154, ISSN 0161-5505 Vanpouille, C.; Le Jeune, N.; Kryza, D.; Clotagatide, A.; Janier, M.; Dubois, F. and Perek, N.

Vol.45, No.4, pp. 695-700, ISSN 0161-5505

Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 695-700, ISSN 0161-5505

1619-7089

ISSN 0036-8075

ISSN 0161-5505

5505

1, pp. 53-62, ISSN 1872-9614

FDG for differentiating tumor from inflammation in a rodent model, *J Nucl Med*,

Jager, P. L.; Hoekstra, H. J. & Elsinga, P. H. (2004). Selectivity of 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG for differentiating tumor from inflammation in a rodent model*, J Nucl Med*,

of sigma-ligands and metabolic PET tracers for differentiating tumor from

(2009). Influence of multidrug resistance on (18)F-FCH cellular uptake in a glioblastoma model*, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging*, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 1256-1264, ISSN

mechanism characterization and biological evaluation of (18)F labeled fluoroalkyl phenylalanine analogs as potential PET imaging agents*, Nucl Med Biol*, Vol. 38, No.

> Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new modality of cancer treatment. Actual ongoing clinical era started with the studies of Dougherty in the 1970s. PDT is based on the application of a so called photosensitizer (PS), which preferably enriches in the tumor tissue. The application of light at an appropriate wavelength excites the PS molecules from their ground state S0 to an electronically excited singlet state Sx. The energy of the excited state can be dissipated via several relaxation pathways. By this, so called cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. ROS react with various biomolecules inducing cell death by different mechanims.(Dougherty et al. 1998b)
