**1. Introduction**

Ion beams are charged particle beams comprising ions accelerated in particle accelerators, and they have a wide variety of applications in science, medicine, and engineering since ion beam technology is a key tool that has found vital applications. In the present day, the applications of ion beams for scientific and commercial purposes are remarkable. Especially in nuclear medicine, the charged particles produced by particle accelerators are used to treat and diagnose cancer. For this aim, not only ion beam technology but also particle accelerator technology used in ion beam technology also stands out. It is obvious that ion beam technology has branched into many fields in science and technology. In addition to therapy, low- and high-energy ion beams effectively lead to new developments in space applications, materials science, and atomic and nuclear physics [1–8].

In ion beam applications, there are modern technologies including the use of energetic ion beams for different science fields. Fundamental areas of application include microelectronics, space, energy, physics, materials sciences, etc. Frankly, the underlying science in the interactions between the ions beam and atoms in matter should be well explained. Hence, the interactions of charged particles with matter are experimentally investigated, and the obtained measurements are compared with the specialized simulation and theoretical data. Though fundamental physical processes are well understood, the credibility of the obtained data explanations is restricted by insufficient physical data, the examination of the unevaluated experimental data, and many discrepancies beyond the error limits in data reported by the authors. Notably, two major data are needed to understand the profile of the investigated material, namely, stopping power and cross-section data. The cross-section depends on processes such as direct, elastic and nonelastic scatterings, and equilibrium and preequilibrium reaction processes [9, 10]. On the other hand, the stopping power gives data defining the slowing of the ion in the material such as elements, compounds, alloys, *etc*. For this aim, the charged particle interactions between ions and materials should be well defined [8, 11].
