**5. Important historical milestone of ion beam technology applications to nuclear radiation damage assessment**

For researching radiation damage in materials, ion beam technology has been widely deployed. Some significant milestones so far in the development of ion beam technology applications for nuclear radiation damage assessments include:


for model development, the Nuclear Science User Facilities recently submitted a roadmap for the development and improvement of current U.S. ion beam irradiation technologies in university and national laboratory settings [3].

h.**AI application to irradiation damage:** Machine learning is currently being employed in understanding the irradiation mechanism of high-entropy materials [35].
