**Table 1.**

*Electron beam application and operating parameters [22–27].*

Irradiation with continuous and pulsed electron beams has become the main tool for obtaining various polymers in free-radical and ionic polymerization reactions. Since crosslinking enables the formation of chemical bonds between molecular chains and the creation of three-dimensional structures, it is commonly used to improve the physical characteristics of the polymer, including heat resistance [21].

Crosslinking at industrial accelerator with the power up to 350 kW is performed with electron energy ranging from 0.5 MeV to 3 MeV, and beam current from 50 mA to 100 mA. Modification of polymers uses the dose ranging from 1 kGy to 400 kGy depending on the desired effect [25]. Polymerization reaction of low molecular weight compounds with free radicals occurring in the process of curing due to indirect action of accelerated electrons in polymerizing monomers is enabled by electrons with the energy of up to 300 keV [31]. Graft polymerization, which involves grafting various monomers onto a polymer chain to give the polymer properties of the monomer, is found to be efficient at 0.3–0.5 MeV [32]. Irradiation with electron beams with energies of up to 0.3 MeV is used for the synthesis of nanocomposites for structural and magnetic applications, nanogels and hydrogels for drug delivery systems, and for the synthesis of membranes for medical and industrial applications [30, 31].

Electron-beam melting with 0.01–0.3 MeV electrons is utilized to produce complex, intricate geometries with excellent mechanical properties by selectively melting and fusing metal power particles [26]. This technique is used in airspace, medical, and automatic industries for manufacturing high-precision components since it allows to change the composition, morphology, and hardness of metals as well as improve wear resistance [27].

Irradiation to suppress microbial contamination in biological and non-biological objects requires a more complex approach since the desired effect is achieved with a precise combination of the absorbed dose, dose rate, and electron energy [37, 38]. Moreover, the dose range for biological objects is commonly narrower compared with metals, minerals, and other non-organic objects due to their chemical complexity.

Sterilization of food products, medical items, and materials used in transplantology is carried out using electron beams with energies from 3 to 10 MeV and a power of up to 50 kW [34, 35]. In food irradiation, varying beam penetration depth allows to solve a range of tasks, from sprout inhibition with the doses of up to 0.2 kGy to food sterilization with the doses of up 50 kGy [32–35]. The required absorbed dose increases to 35 kGy in the treatment of medical devices for inactivation of viruses and microorganisms [29, 33].

Treatment of drinking water and wastewater is carried out using accelerated electrons with the energy of 0.3–1 MeV [39, 40]. While for drinking water treatment doses up to 1 kGy are applied, biowaste treatment for inactivation of a wide range of viruses and bacteria is carried out at doses up to 1 MGy, which is the maximum dose used to control contamination of organic objects [24].
