**6. References**


The authors would like to express their thanks to Prof. Dr. Ali Rostami from Photonic and Nanocrystal Research Lab (PNRL) and School of Engineering Emerging Technologies at the University of Tabriz, for grateful helps to prepare this chapter. The corresponding author would like to acknowledge financial support of Iran Nanotechnology Initiative

Aberle , A.G. (2006). Fabrication and characterisation of crystalline silicon thin-film

Ackermann, J.; Videlot ,C. & El Kassmi, A. (2002). Growth of organic semiconductors for hybrid solar cell application, *Thin Solid Films*, Vol. 403 –404 , pp. 157-161 Arici,E.; Serdar Sariciftci, N. & Meissner, D. (2004). Hybrid Solar Cell. *Encyclopedia of* 

Chandrasekaran, J.; Nithyaprakash, D.; Ajjan, K.B.; Maruthamuthu, M.; Manoharan, D.&

Eshaghi G. N.; Movla, H.; Sohrabi, F.; Hosseinpour, A.; Rezaei, M. & Babaei, H. (2010). The

Fischer, D.; Dubail, S.; Selvan, J. A. A.; Vaucher, N. P.; Platz, R.; Hof, Ch.; Kroll, U.; Meier,

Fonash, S.J. (2010). *Solar Cell Device Physics* (2nd edition), Academic Press (Elsevier), ISBN

Green, M.A.; Emery,K.; Hishikawa, Y. & Wilhelm, W. (2011). Solar Cell Efficiency Tables

Günes, S. & Serdar Saiciftci, N. (2008). Hybrid Solar Cells, *Inorganica Chimica Acta*, Vol. 361,

Hamakawa Y. (1982), *Amorphous Semiconductor, Technologies & Devices*, Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-

Huang, J.; Hsiao, C.; Syu, S.; Chao, J. & Lin, C. (2009). Well-aligned single-crystalline silicon

Khalili Kh.; Asgari A.; Movla H.; Mottaghizadeh A. & Najafabadi H. A. (2011). Effect of

nanowire hybrid solar cells on glass, *Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells* , Vol.93 ,

interface recombination on the performance of SWCNT\GaAs heterojunction solar

*Twenty Fifth IEEE*, Washington, DC , USA, pp. 1053 – 1056

(version 37). *Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl*., Vol.19, No.9, pp. 84-92

cell. *Procedia Engineering, Physics Procedia,* Vol.8, pp. 275–279

978-0-12-374774-7, United State of America

44-487977-6, United State of America

*Nanoscience and Nanotechnology*, Nalwa, H.S., (Ed.), pp. 929-944, American Scientific

Kumar, S. (2011). Hybrid Solar Cell Based on Blending of Organic and Inorganic Materials—An Overview. *Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews*, Vol.15, Issue 2,

effects of recombination lifetime on efficiency and J–V characteristics of InxGa1\_xN/GaN quantum dot intermediate band solar cell. Physica E, Vol.42, pp.

J.; Torres, P.; Keppner, H.; Wyrsch, N.; Goetz, M.; Shah, A. and Ufert, K.-D. (1996). The "micromorph" solar cell: extending a-Si:H technology towards thin film crystalline silicon, *Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1996., Conference Record of the* 

materials for solar cells. *Thin Solid Films*, Vol. 511 – 512, pp. 26 – 34.

Publishers, ISBN: I -58883-059-4

pp. 1228-1238

2353–2357

pp. 581-588

pp. 621-624

**5. Acknowledgment** 

Council.

**6. References** 


**19** 

*1Turkey 2Austria* 

**Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based** 

**on Poly(***p***-Phenylene-Vinylene) Derivatives** 

*1Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University,* 

Since the discovery of electrical conductivity in chemically doped polyacetylene (Shirakawa et al., 1977; Chiang et al., 1977; Chiang et al., 1978), enormous progress has been made in the design, synthesis and detailed studies of the properties and applications of -conjugated polymers (Yu et al., 1998; Skotheim et al., 1998; Hadziioannou et al., 1998). The award of the Nobel prize in Chemistry three decades later in the year 2000 to Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa for the abovementioned discovery and development of semiconducting polymers, was greeted worldwide among researchers as a recognition for the intensified research, which has been going on in the field of organic -conjugated polymers (Shirakawa, 2001). Such polymers are advantageous compared to inorganic semiconductors due to their low production cost, ease of processability, flexibility as well as tenability of their optical and electronic properties through chemical modifications. These outstanding properties make them attractive candidates as advanced materials in the field of photonics and electronics (Forrest, 2004; Klauk, 2006; Bao & Locklin, 2007; Sun & Dalton, 2008; Moliton, 2006;

Among the most used polymers in optoelectronic devices are the poly(*p*-phenylenevinylene)s (PPV), polyfluorenes, polythiophenes and their derivatives. The insertion of side-chains in these polymers reduces the rigidity of the backbone, increases their solubility and enables the preparation of films through inexpensive, solution-based methods, such as spin-coating (Akcelrud, 2003). Besides, these ramifications can also be used to tune the photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers using a

Solar cells based on solution-processable organic semiconductors have shown a considerable performance increase in recent years, and a lot of progress has been made in the understanding of the elementary processes of photogeneration (Hoppe & Sariciftci, 2004; Mozer & Sariciftci, 2006; Günes et al., 2007). Recently, organic bulk heterojunction solar cells with almost 100% internal quantum yield were presented, resulting in up to almost 8% power conversion efficiency (Park et al., 2009; Green et al., 2010). This device concept has

Hadziioannou & Mallarias, 2007; Shinar & Shinar, 2009; Nalwa, 2008).

**1. Introduction** 

variety of routes.

*2Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry,* 

Cigdem Yumusak1,2 and Daniel A. M. Egbe2

*Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul,* 

*Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz,* 

Yan, B.; Yue, G.; Xu, X.; Yang, J.; and Guha, S. (2010). High efficiency amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon solar cells, Physica Status Solidi A, Vol.207, No. 3, pp.671– 677
