**5. Acknowledgment**

The author is grateful to Prof. H. Matsuda, Dr. N. Fukumuro (University of Hyogo), Dr. S. Ogawa, Prof. N. Yoshida, Prof. S. Nonomura (Gifu University), Mr. S. Sakamoto (Nippon Oikos Co., Ltd.), and Prof. Y. Nakato (Osaka University) for co-work and valuable discussions. The author would like to thank the students who collaborated: H. Miyasako, T. Kobayashi, K. Suzuki, and A. Onaka. The author is grateful to Prof. Y. Uraoka of Nara Institure of Science and Technology for the simulation of the solar water splitting using the multi-photon system. The present work was partly supported by the following programs: Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the JSPS (17560638, 20560676, and 23560875), Grants-in-Aid for education and research from Hyogo Prefecture through the University of Hyogo, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and Research for Promoting Technological Seeds from JST. The author wishes to thank Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. for donating transparent conductive tin oxide coated glass plates. Figures 15 and 16 were reprinted from ref. Yae et al., 2007a, copyright Elsevier (2007).

Solar to Chemical Conversion

Vol. 66, 1853.

pp. 811-816.

141, 3077.

Vol. 5, 632.

Vol. 2, 3476.

80, 701.

91, 224.

157, D90.

*J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol. 141, 3090.

*Mater. Sol. Cells*, Vol. 43, 311.

(2001). *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol. 47, 345.

Ogata, Y. H., Seo, M., & Isaacs, H. S. (Eds.). 141.

pp. 117-135, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York.

(Ed.), pp. 107-126, Nova Science Publishers, New York.

Guo, J. (Ed.), San Diego, 66500E.

*Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn.*, Vol. 32, 445.

*Electrochim. Acta*, Vol. 53, 35.

Using Metal Nanoparticle Modified Low-Cost Silicon Photoelectrode 253

Sakai, Y., Sugahara, S., Matsumura, M., Nakato, Y., & Tsubomura, H. (1988). *Can. J. Chem.*,

Sze, S. M. (1981). *Physics of Semiconductor Devices*, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2nd Ed.,

Takabayashi, S., Nakamura, R., & Nakato, Y. (2004). *J. Photochem. Photobiol. A*, Vol. 166, 107. Takabayashi, S., Imanishi, A., & Nakato, Y. (2006). *Comptes Rendus Chimie*, Vol. 9, 275. Turner, J. A., Williams, M. C., & Rajeshwar, K. (2004). *Interface*, Vol. 13, No. 3, 24.

Yae, S., Tsuda, R., Kai, T., Kikuchi, K., Uetsuji, M., Fujii, T., Fujitani, M., & Nakato, Y. (1994).

Yae, S., Nakanishi, I., Nakato, Y., Toshima, N., & Mori, H. (1994). *J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol.

Yae, S., Fujitani, M., Nakanishi, I., Uetsuji, M., Tsuda, R., & Nakato, Y. (1996). *Sol. Energy* 

Yae, S., Kitagaki, M., Hagihara, T., Miyoshi, Y., Matsuda, H., Parkinson, B. A., & Nakato, Y.

Yae, S., Kawamoto, Y., Tanaka, H., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2003). *Electrochem. Comm.*,

Yae, S., Tanaka, H., Kobayashi, T., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2005). *Phys. Stat. Sol. (c)*,

Yae, S., Kobayashi, T., Kawagishi, T., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2006). *Solar Energy*, Vol.

Yae, S., Kobayashi, T., Kawagishi, T., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2006). *The* 

Yae, S., Kobayashi, T., Abe, M., Nasu, N., Fukumuro, N., Ogawa, S., Yoshida, N.,

Yae, S., Onaka, A., Abe, M., Fukumuro, N., Ogawa, S., Yoshida, N., Nonomura, S., Nakato,

Yae, S., Nasu, N., Matsumoto, K., Hagihara, T., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2007).

Yae, S., Abe, M., Kawagishi, T., Suzuki, K., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2007). *Trans.* 

Yae, S., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2008). Electrochemical Deposition of Metal

Yae, S., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2009). Porous Silicon Formation by Metal Particle

Yae, S., Tashiro, M., Abe, M., Fukumuro, N., & Matsuda, H. (2010). *J. Electrochem. Soc.*, Vol.

*Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series*, Vol. PV2004-19, *Pits and Pores III: Formation, Properties and Significance for Advanced Materials*, Schmuki, P., Lockwood, D. J.,

Nonomura, S., Nakato, Y., & Matsuda, H. (2007). *Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells*, Vol.

Y., & Matsuda, H. (2007). *Proc. SPIE*, Vol. 6650, *Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology II*,

Nanoparticles on Silicon, In: *Progress in Nanoparticles Research*, Frisiras, C. T. (Ed.),

Enhanced HF etching, In: *Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Trends*, Hayashi, K.

Park, J. H. & Bard, A. J. (2005). *Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.*, Vol. 8, G371.

### **6. References**

Allongue, P., Blonkowski, S., & Souteyrand, E. (1992). *Elecrochim. Acta,* Vol. 37, 781.


Arakawa, H., Shiraishi, C., Tatemoto, M., Kishida, H., Usui, D., Suma, A., Takamisawa, A.,

Chemla, M., Homma, T., Bertagna, V., Erre, R., Kubo, N., & Osaka, T. (2003). *J. Electroanal.* 

Fujitani, M., Hinogami, R., Jia, J. G., Ishida, M., Morisawa, K., Yae, S., & Nakato, Y. (1997).

Gorostiza, P., Allongue, P., Díaz, R.; Morante, J. R., & Sanz, F. (2003). *J. Phys. Chem. B*, Vol.

Hinogami, R., Nakamura, Y., Yae, S., & Nakato, Y. (1997). *Appl. Surf. Sci.*, Vol. 121/122, 301. Hinogami, R., Nakamura, Y., Yae, S., & Nakato, Y. (1998). *J. Phys. Chem. B*, Vol. 102, 974. Ishida, M., Morisawa, K., Hinogami, R., Jia, J. G., Yae, S., & Nakato, Y. (1999). *Z. Phys. Chem.*,

Licht, S. (Vol. Ed.). (2002). *Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemistry*, Bard. A. J. &

Lide, D. R. (Ed.). (2004). *CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics*, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 85th

Lin, G. H., Kapur, M., Kainthla, R. C., & Bockris, J. O'M. (1989). *Appl. Phys. Lett.*, Vol. 55, 386.

Matsumura, H., Umemoto, H., Izumi, A., & Masuda, A. (2003). *Thin Solid Films,* Vol. 430, 7. Meier. J., Flückiger, R., Keppner, H., & Shah, A. (1994). *Appl. Phys. Lett.,* Vol. 65, 860.

Miller, E. L., Marsen, B., Paluselli, D., & Rocheleau, R. (2005). *Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.*,

Nagahara, L. A., Ohmori, T., Hashimoto, K., & Fujishima, A. (1993). *J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A*,

Nakato, Y., Jia, J. G., Ishida, M., Morisawa, K., Fujitani, M., Hinogami, R., & Yae, S. (1998).

Nakato, Y. (2000). Photoelectrochemical Cells, In: *Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and* 

Nelson, J. (2003). *The Physics of Solar Cells*, Imperial College Press, London, pp. 276-279. Paunovic, M., Schlesinger, M. (2006). *Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition 2nd. Ed.*, John

*Electronics Engineering Online*, Webster, J. (Ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Available from:

Nakato, Y., Ueda, K., Yano, H., & Tsubomura, H. (1988). *J. Phys. Chem.*, Vol. 92, 2316.

Nakato, Y. & Tsubomura, H. (1992). *Elecrochim. Acta*, Vol. 37, 897.

*Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.*, Vol. 1, 71.

http://www.interscience.wiley.com

Wiley & Sons, New York.

Stratmann, M. (Series Eds.), *Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry*, Vol. 6, Wiley-VCH,

Gorostiza, P., Servat, J., Morante, J. R., & Sanz, F. (1996). *Thin Solid Films*, Vol. 275, 12.

Jia, J.-G., Fujitani, M., Yae, S., & Nakato, Y. (1996). *Electrochim. Acta*, Vol. 42, 431. Kawakami, K., Fujii, T., Yae S., & Nakato, Y. (1997). *J. Phys. Chem. B*, Vol. 101, 4508.

& Yamaguchi, T. (2007). *Proc. SPIE*, Vol. 6650, *Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology II*,

Allongue, P., Blonkowski, S., & Souteyrand, E. (1992). *Elecrochim. Acta,* Vol. 37, 781.

Guo, J. (Ed.), San Diego, 665003.

Fujishima, A. & Honda, K. (1972). *Nature,* Vol. 238, 37.

Khaselev, O. & Turner, J. A. (1998). *Science*, Vol. 280, 542.

Ed., pp. 10-232, 10-234 and 12-150.

Matsumura, H. (2001). *Thin Solid Films,* Vol. 395, 1.

*Chem.*, Vol. 559, 111.

*Chem. Lett.*, 1041. Grätzel, M. (1999). *Cattech*, Vol. 3, 4.

107, 6454.

Vol. 212, 99.

Weinheim.

Vol. 8, A247.

Vol. 11, 763.

**6. References** 


**12** 

*Turkey* 

**Progress in Organic** 

Ayse Bedeloglu *Dokuz Eylül University,* 

**Photovoltaic Fibers Research** 

Energy management including production, distribution and usage of energy is an important issue, which determines internal and external policy and economical situation of countries. For generating electrical energy, use of traditional energy sources in particular fossil based fuels through long ages, caused environmental problems, in recent years. Renewable energy technologies using power of wind, sun, water, etc. can be remedies to hinder negative effects of pollution, emissions of carbon dioxide and irreversible climate change problem, which it caused. Photovoltaic technology, which converts photons of the sun into electrical energy by using semiconductors, is one of the most environmental friendly sources of renewable energy (Dennler et al., 2006a). Solar cells are used in many different fields such as in solar lambs and calculators, on roofs and windows of buildings, satellites and space craft,

textile structures (fibers, fabrics and garments) and accessories (bags and suitcases).

In addition, there is an increasing interest in organic electronics from a wide range of science disciplines in which researchers search for novel, efficient and functional materials and structures. Organic materials based optoelectronic devices such as organic photovoltaics (organic solar cells), organic light emitting diodes and organic photo detectors (Curran et al., 2009) are desirable in many applications due to interesting features of organic materials such as cost advantage and flexibility. Production of electrical energy, which is necessary in both industrial and human daily life by converting sunlight using organic solar cells (organic photovoltaic technology) via easy and inexpensive techniques is also very interesting

A photovoltaic textile, which is formed by combining a textile structure with a solar cell, and on which carries physical properties of textile and working principle of solar cell together, can generate electricity for powering different electrical devices. Photovoltaic fiber providing more compatibility to textiles in terms of flexibility and lightness owing to its thin and polymer-based structure may be used in a wide variety of applications such as tents, jackets, soldier uniforms and marine fabrics. This review is organized as follows: In the first section, an overview of photovoltaic technology, smart textiles and photovoltaic textiles will be presented. In the second section, a general introduction to organic solar cells and organic semi conductors, features, the working principle, manufacturing techniques, and characterization of organic solar cells as well as polymer based organic solar cells and studies about nanofibers and flexible solar cells will be given. In the third part, recent studies about photovoltaic fiber researches, production methods, and materials used and

**1. Introduction** 

(Günes et al., 2007).

Yamamoto, K., Nakashima, A., Suzuki, T., Yoshimi, M., Nishio, H., & Izumina, M. (1994). *Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.* Vol. 33, L1751.

Zhou, X., Ishida, M., Imanishi, A., & Nakato, Y. (2001). *J. Phys. Chem. B*, Vol. 105, 156.
