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and optical path iteration. A patent was developed about photovoltaic devices having fiber structure and their applications (Curran et al., 2009). A tube-based photovoltaic structure was developed to capture optical energy effectively within the absorbing layer without reflective losses at the front and rear surfaces of the devices (Li et al., 2010b). That architecture was enabled that the absorption range of a given polymer (P3HT:PCBM) can be

Fig. 16. (a) Schematic diagram showing the device structure (we note that a 0.5nm LiF layer is added below the metal contact but not shown), and (g) optical micrographs of the finished fibers. Reprinted with permission from Liu, J. W.; Namboothiry, M. A. G. & Carroll, D. L. (2007). Fiber-based architectures for organic photovoltaics. *Appl. Phys. Lett.*, Vol. 90, pp.

Polymer solar cells carry various advantages, which are suitable to flexible and fiber-shaped solar cells. However, optimum thickness for photovoltaic coatings and adequate smoothness for the surface of each layer (substrate, photoactive layer and electrodes) are required to obtain higher power conversion efficiencies and to prevent the short-circuiting in the conventional and flexible devices. Suitable coating techniques and materials for developing photovoltaic effect on flexible polymer based textile fibers are also needed not to damage photovoltaic fiber formation in continuous or discontinuous process stages. Many studies

Flexible solar cells can expand the applications of photovoltaics into different areas such as textiles, membranes and so on. Photovoltaic fibers can form different textile structures and also can be embedded into fabrics forming many architectural formations for powering portable electronic devices in remote areas. However, optimal photovoltaic fiber architecture and the suitable manufacturing processes to produce it are still in development stage. More studies are required to design and perform for a working photovoltaic fiber. A viable photovoltaic fiber that is efficient and have resistance to traditional textile manufacturing processes, which are formed from some consecutive dry and wet applications, and, which damage to textile structure, will open new application fields to

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**13** 

*Japan* 

Qing Shen1 and Taro Toyoda2

*2The University of Electro-Communications* 

*1PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)* 

**Ultrafast Electron and Hole Dynamics in** 

**CdSe Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells** 

A potential candidate for next-generation solar cells is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Much attention has been directed toward DSSCs employing nanostructured TiO2 electrodes and organic-ruthenium dye molecules as the light-harvesting media. The high porosity of nanostructured TiO2 film enables a large concentration of the sensitizing dye molecules to be adsorbed. The attached dye molecules absorb light and inject electrons into the TiO2 conduction band upon excitation. The electrons are then collected at a back conducting electrode, generating a photocurrent. DSSCs exhibit high photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of about 11% and good long-term stability. In addition, they are relatively simple to assemble and are low-cost (O'Regan & Grätzel, 1991; Grätzel, 2003; Chiba et al., 2006). However, in order to replace conventional Si-based solar cells in practical applications, further effort is needed to improve the efficiency of DSSCs. A great amount of work has been done on controlling the morphology of the TiO2 electrodes by employing ordered arrays of nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods and inverse opal structures (Adachi et al., 2003; Paulose et al., 2006; Law et al., 2005; Song et al., 2005; Nishimura et al., 2003) in order to improve the electron transport and collection throughout the device. Another important factor in improving the performance of DSSCs is the design of the photosensitizer. The ideal dye photosensitizer for DSSCs should be highly absorbing across the entire solar light spectrum, bind strongly to the TiO2 surface and inject photoexcited electrons into the TiO2 conduction band efficiently. Many different dye compounds have been designed and synthesized to fulfill the above requirements. It is likely that the ideal photosensitizer for DSSCs will only be realized by co-adsorption of a few different dyes, for absorption of visible light, near infrared (NIR) light, and/or infrared (IR) light (Polo et al., 2004; Park et al., 2011). However, attempts to sensitize electrodes with multiple dyes have achieved only

Narrow-band-gap semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), such as CdS, CdSe, PbS, and InAs, have also been the subject of considerable interest as promising candidates for replacing the sensitizer dyes in DSSCs (Vogel et al., 1990, 1994; Toyoda et al., 1999, 2003; Peter et al., 2002; Plass et al., 2002; Shen et al., 2004a, 2004b, 2006a, 2006b, 2008a, 2008b, 2010a, 2010b; Yu et al., 2006; Robel et al., 2006; Niitsoo et al., 2006; Diguna, et al., 2007a , 2007b; Kamat, 2008, 2010; Gimenez et. al., 2009; Mora-Sero et al., 2009, 2010). These devices are called QD-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) (Nozik, 2002, 2008; Kamat, 2008). The use of semiconductor QDs as sensitizers

**1. Introduction** 

limited success to date.

