Preface

Welcome to a new era in technology and connectivity where the Internet of Things (IoT) transforms our interactions with the world. *Internet of Things – New Insights* explores this dynamic and complex field, covering its technological evolution, diverse applications, key features, and synergy with other emerging technologies like Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS).

The journey of IoT is a fascinating exploration of innovation, tracing its evolution from early ubiquitous computing concepts to today's interconnected ecosystem. This book highlights the milestones and emphasizes the importance of integrating IoT, investigating the interaction between physical and digital processes, enhancing capabilities, and propelling advancements in automation, control, and decision-making.

As we embrace the boundless possibilities of IoT, it is also necessary to confront the challenges accompanying its rapid developments, deployments, and contributions to domains. Security concerns, interoperability issues, and ethical considerations are among the hurdles that demand thoughtful examination. The chapters in this book engage with these challenges, offering insightful perspectives and potential solutions. This helps to set the stage for a secure and resilient IoT landscape, paving the way for the transformative future discussed in the book.

This book is designed for a diverse audience, including researchers, professionals, curious enthusiasts, and students eager to understand the complexities of IoT. Whether you are an industry expert seeking in-depth insights or a student looking to grasp the fundamentals, the book provides a comprehensive overview, making IoT accessible and relevant. The targeted audience will benefit from real-world examples, challenges, and solutions, ensuring a valuable and enriching reading experience.

The journey does not end here. The future of IoT holds exciting possibilities, from integrating Artificial Intelligence and edge computing to the emergence of 6G connectivity.

This comprehensive exploration of IoT is enriched by a collection of ten diverse chapters selected through a rigorous peer-review process. Each contribution offers a unique perspective on the latest developments in IoT, ensuring a well-rounded and insightful journey through this dynamic field. The carefully selected chapters, authored by experts and researchers in the field, provide an in-depth examination of various facets of IoT, from its applications in smart technologies to challenges, solutions, and prospects. This collaborative effort establishes *Internet of Things – New Insights* as a valuable resource, showcasing the richness and depth of contemporary research in the IoT landscape.

Chapter 1, "A Systematic Review on IoT-Based Smart Technologies for Seat Occupancy and Reservation Needs in Smart Libraries at Institution of Higher Learning", examines IoT's transformative impact on academic libraries. Through a systematic review, it navigates the challenges and solutions surrounding Smart Library Seat Occupancy and Reservation Systems, offering clarity on the evolving landscape.

Chapter 2, "Methods for Detection and Prevention of Vulnerabilities in the IoT (Internet of Things) Systems", explores cybersecurity methods for detecting and preventing vulnerabilities in IoT systems. It outlines signature-based and anomaly-based models, providing insights into safeguarding the interconnected world of IoT.

Chapter 3, "Applications of AI and IoT for Advancing Date Palm Cultivation in Saudi Arabia", highlights the synergy of AI and IoT in advancing agriculture, specifically date palm cultivation in Saudi Arabia. The chapter delves into applications in precision irrigation, smart systems, cold storage management, and quality optimization, offering a glimpse into the future of smart agriculture.

Chapter 4, "Application of Internet of Things (IoT) in Biomedicine: Challenges and Future Directions", bridges the gap between IoT and health care by addressing the slow adoption of IoT in health care, exploring the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and its applications in biomedicine.

Chapter 5, "A Survey on IoT Fog Resource Monetization and Deployment Models", explores the economic aspects of IoT, focusing on fog resource monetization. Delving into hybrid architectures and multi-hop IoT strategies offers insights into optimizing IoT deployments, particularly in remote environments.

Chapter 6, "Design and Implementation Smart Petrol Station Using Internet of Things", highlights the automation of petrol stations. This chapter pioneers the design of a Smart Petrol Station, leveraging RFID technology, Wi-Fi modules, and advanced encryption protocols. It exemplifies the integration of IoT for operational efficiency and security.

Chapter 7, "Hybrid Architectures to Improve Coverage in Remote Areas and Incorporate Long-Range LPWAN Multi-Hop IoT Strategies", explores hybrid architectures for improving IoT coverage in remote areas. By combining various technologies and emphasizing Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), this chapter charts a course for enhanced IoT connectivity in challenging environments.

Chapter 8, "IoT and Energy", examines how IoT revolutionizes the energy sector. The chapter explores real-time data collection, AI integration, and edge computing, offering a roadmap for a sustainable and technologically advanced future in energy management.

Chapter 9, "Effective Screening and Face Mask Detection for COVID Spread Mitigation Using Deep Learning and Edge Devices", addresses the urgent challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter illustrates innovative solutions for effective screening and face mask detection through deep learning and edge computing, contributing to global efforts to mitigate the virus's spread.

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systems.

formative power of IoT.

Finally, Chapter 10, "Smart Healthcare at Home in the Era of IoMT", presents the integration of IoT with the IoMT in smart homes utilizing Digital Twins, machine learning algorithms, and human action recognition to enhance health delivery. The chapter introduces Smart Healthcare at Home (SHAH), offering a personalized and convenient healthcare experience. This chapter provides valuable insights into the technical components, design rationales, and challenges of implementing SHAH

**New Insights into IoT:** As we conclude this exploration, we must recognize IoT's new insights into the technological landscape. The potential of IoT lies not only in connecting devices but also in the vast opportunities for data collection, analysis, and intelligence. The convergence of IoT with other cutting-edge technologies opens new horizons for innovation, offering a glimpse into a future where interconnected devices seamlessly communicate, collect meaningful data, and contribute to the growth of intelligent ecosystems. This book is your guide to understanding the present and envisioning the limitless possibilities that lie ahead in the ever-evolving landscape of the Internet of Things. Embark on this journey and discover the trans-

**Maki K. Habib**

New Cairo, Egypt

The American University in Cairo,

Finally, Chapter 10, "Smart Healthcare at Home in the Era of IoMT", presents the integration of IoT with the IoMT in smart homes utilizing Digital Twins, machine learning algorithms, and human action recognition to enhance health delivery. The chapter introduces Smart Healthcare at Home (SHAH), offering a personalized and convenient healthcare experience. This chapter provides valuable insights into the technical components, design rationales, and challenges of implementing SHAH systems.

**New Insights into IoT:** As we conclude this exploration, we must recognize IoT's new insights into the technological landscape. The potential of IoT lies not only in connecting devices but also in the vast opportunities for data collection, analysis, and intelligence. The convergence of IoT with other cutting-edge technologies opens new horizons for innovation, offering a glimpse into a future where interconnected devices seamlessly communicate, collect meaningful data, and contribute to the growth of intelligent ecosystems. This book is your guide to understanding the present and envisioning the limitless possibilities that lie ahead in the ever-evolving landscape of the Internet of Things. Embark on this journey and discover the transformative power of IoT.

> **Maki K. Habib** The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt

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network (WSN)

**1. Introduction**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

A Systematic Review on IoT-Based

Occupancy and Reservation Needs

in Smart Libraries at Institution of

*Magauwane Reneilwe Maepa and Michael Nthabiseng Moeti*

The introduction of industry 4.0 technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and other cutting-edge technological developments, has completely transformed traditional library practises in higher education. Despite the topic's unquestionable importance, the main objective of this chapter is to address the effects of IoT technology and it is inconsistent and dispersed. However, there are various challenges, such as accurate reservation methods, real-time seat occupancy tracking, and reservation time estimation. To discover, compare, and characterize current investigations in the Smart Library Seat Occupancy and Reservation system (SLSORS), this proposed book chapter examined articles published between 2016 and 2022. In the SLSORS, we will also give a thorough taxonomy and perform a technical analysis of the articles. This provides the much-needed clarity regarding the problems associated with SLSORS and their available literature-based solutions. The fundamental taxonomy is framed by the reservation security, seat reservation, seat selection, and seat availability criteria. Thus, the benefits and drawbacks of the selected approaches are also offered, along with a full comparison of evaluation methodology, evaluation tools, and evaluation metrics. Furthermore, this chapter incorporates all processes and method for SLSORS and drew attention to the ongoing

**Keywords:** Internet of Things (IoT), radio frequency identification (RFID), force sensitive resistor (FSR), smart library, seat occupancy and reservation, wireless sensor

The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown more popular and accepted in the library industry to improve operations, thanks to the increasing use of smart devices and fast networks. As a result, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) in libraries has raised

Smart Technologies for Seat

Higher Learning

challenges that this chapter is seeking to address.
