**4.7 Interoperability and federation**

For the seamless delivery of some peculiar services, like streaming, the cooperation of several fog providers will be required. For this reason, there is a requirement for fog components to interoperate, and services will need to have the capacity to be federated across different domains. Like cloud services, FC is delivered across different layers of technologies and paradigms. You have the ISPs, cloud services providers, payment industries, network equipment vendors, varying communication protocols, and security standards, to mention a few. However, to a large extent, there is a federation in most cloud paradigms enhanced by standardizations across these layers, which has enhanced interoperability, and there is still continuous to be more. For FC to meet the emerging IoT service needs, more must be done in federation across vendors and communication stack to ease the different technologies' interoperability.
