**9. Challenges**

Although there is a vast improvement in ideas related to Fog node monetization, some challenges are still encountered, which need to be addressed. To make fog computing a reality, to the extent of the demands postulated, some of the open challenges of fog are listed below:

1.*Fog Networking*: The heterogeneous nature of the fog network placed at the internet edge poses a challenge in managing and controlling services such as maintaining connectivity between heterogeneous devices. Many vendors and major players are currently providing fog networks with silo technologies. This makes

interoperability difficult, and it is a challenge for the minor players to contribute or enter the fog network ecosystem. The convergence of the major providers, like Amazon, Microsoft, Ericson, etc., to a common standard, will boost the expansion of the fog market. As seen in [31], some bodies are beginning to come together to create a common ground for technology convergence. These include the 5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation (5G-ACIA), Automotive Edge Computing Consortium (AECC), Industrial Internet Consortium, and many others. As noted in [31], while standardization bodies like 3GPP, ETSI, and TM Forum and pushing out standards for fog and IoT, some open source forums are also contributing to fog convergence, such as Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP) and LF Edge [29]. More research must be conducted to show ways of providing these services more flexibly.


*A Survey on IoT Fog Resource Monetization and Deployment Models DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113174*
