**2.2 Networked petrol station systems for the IoT**

In 2017, Sahana Rao et al. [9], used RFID and GSM technology to automate the filling of fuel at a petrol station. The transactions are designed to

be user-friendly, which means that they are available at the touch of a button on the customer's smartphone.

In 2017, Carlo Makdisie and Badia Haidar [10], produced the stated system by assistance of present programs (Labview, Protues, PIC C Compiler) to reach a high precise control of the needed parameters, furthermore to using SCADA for managing and controlling all the system to escape any sudden faults; similar fire disaster and building the system work with extreme precision.

In 2018, Deepa et al. [11], used GSM and RFID, this paper created an automated fuel pump. All users in this system have an RFID card, which can be charged via a few different points. The fuel station is prepared with a smart card reader that detects the amount in the card as well as all security information and displays it on the LCD.

In 2019, Pranto and Rahman [12] presented paper indicates a design in which a system will be capable to trace a vehicle's petrol refill amount, cost & time then notifies the vehicle's owner about the refill as well. The system is divided into two parts: A mobile application and a petrol station.

In 2021, Sembodo and Atmajaya [13] presented monitoring tool uses the Arduino ESP8266 which is combined with Internet of Things (IoT) Technology which is displayed on the LCD and the Internet Web. Customers can purchase the patrol at gas stations independently, by connecting the smartphone application with the gas station wireless and purchase and make payments through the application.

In our designed project, three filling stations were connected, each one controlled by the Arduino Miga and ESP32S, and connected to them by sensors to represent the lower layer (sensing layer) of the IoT infrastructure. Data is transferred to the network layer using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)MQTT(protocol to represent the middle layer. The data from this layer is sent to the local server (Raspberry Pi) or a cloud server. The data is displayed in a web application from the IoT platform, ThingsBoard.

## **3. The proposed system**

In this chapter, we proposed a design system of three smart petrol stations that are monitored and managed remotely from a single interface on IoT platform. a smart petrol station system that performs each of the following tasks: Detecting the fuel level inside the storage tank, measuring the fuel temperature, an automatic fuel dispenser, electronic payment, monitoring the environment through the temperature and

**Figure 1.** *Functions of the proposed smart petrol station as IoT application.* humidity sensor, detecting fires and extinguishing them automatically and storing all related data of customers and station with a database stored on a local server or applied to a cloud server. This data can be accessed, viewed and processed through the ThongsBoard web application, which can be accessed from any web browser on smart devices or desktop. **Figure 1**, shows the operations of the proposed system.
