*Human Factor on Artificial Intelligence: The Way to Ethical and Responsible Economic Growth DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111915*

yet well understood. This includes both potential benefits and risks. In this context, is where HCAI was born. HCAI is an emerging discipline that aims to design and develop AI systems that are aligned with human values, needs, and preferences. HCAI seeks to preserve human control in a way that ensures AI meets our needs while also operating transparently, delivering equitable outcomes, and respecting privacy [5]. The overall purpose of HCAI is to create AI solutions that are trustworthy, ethical, and beneficial to people, businesses, and society.

To achieve these purposes, HCAI systems should be built following several principles [9]:


Similarly, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is the set of processes and methods that allow to reach this transparency in AI models. XAI enables human users (both AI experts and nontechnical experts) to understand and trust the output produced by machine learning algorithms. XAI, thus, becomes essential for organizations to build trust and confidence in AI. As AI becomes more complex, XAI helps developers ensure that the system works as intended, meets regulatory standards, and enables stakeholders to challenge or alter AI decisions, thus boosting the embracement of the tools.

d.*Comply with regulatory requirements*. AI regulation is still in its infancy worldwide. For example, the AI Act mentioned previously is a proposed European law on AI. Its main provisions include a risk-based approach for AI systems, requirements for transparency and accountability, limitations on certain uses of AI, and mandatory data and recordkeeping obligations for high-risk AI systems. The regulation also proposes significant fines for noncompliance and establishes a

European Artificial Intelligence Board to oversee its implementation. The specific risks of AI are categorized into four different levels: unacceptable risk, high risk, limited risk, and minimal risk [10]. Although this draught regulation needs further refinement and adoption by countries, it stands as an initial legal instrument to guide the compliance of AI products with legislation in which rights in the digital age should also be considered [12].


Moreover, preliminary research should be conducted to investigate the needs, feasibility, and acceptability of the intended end users. This research can provide insights into how individuals interact with and trust AI systems, enabling the design of a final AI product that aligns with user expectations.

Businesses should include elements of HCAI in their AI agenda, thus contributing to enhancing customer satisfaction, employee engagement, social responsibility, and competitive advantage. By adopting HCAI in their practice, businesses can foster trust, collaboration, and innovation with their stakeholders. Similarly, integrating HCAI elements since the designing of the AI products may also avoid unexpected costs after market entry, or even prevent millionaire investments in AI products that may not align with human needs and/or preferences.
