**3.4 AI-powered chatbots**

AI-powered chatbots can be used in disaster relief efforts to quickly and accurately answer people's questions about relief efforts and assistance programs [39]. Chatbots are computer programs that use artificial intelligence to simulate humanto-human conversations. People often have many questions about relief efforts and assistance programs in the aftermath of a disaster, but it can be difficult for organizations to provide timely and accurate answers to all of them. Chatbots can help fill this void by providing quick and accurate responses to frequently asked questions. In addition to providing real-time information on relief efforts and assistance programs, it can also provide affected individuals with quick and easy access to information. In exchange, the chatbot could collect data on the needs of affected individuals. This data-driven information could then be used to better tailor relief efforts.

#### **3.5 Rescue robots**

Rescue robots could be used in earthquake-prone cities [40]. During disaster relief operations, robots can perform a variety of tasks such as search and rescue, building inspection, and debris removal [41]. There are numerous rescue robots available, each with its own set of capabilities while some may face difficulties in urban environments due to uneven terrain, unstable structures, and debris. Regardless, rescue robots can play an important role in search and rescue operations, especially when human rescuers are unable to enter damaged buildings safely.

A comprehensive overview of the types of robots currently available for disaster relief efforts, including ground-based robots, aerial drones, and snake-like robots, is presented by Li et al. [41]. Ground-based robots, for example, could navigate through rubble and debris to find and rescue survivors, whereas aerial drones could provide a bird's-eye view of the disaster area and locate survivors from above. With their ability to slither through tight spaces, snake-like robots could be especially useful for searching through collapsed buildings and other confined spaces. Using rescue robots in disaster relief efforts is fraught with difficulties and constraints, owing to the need for power and communication infrastructure, as well as the limitations of current robot technologies. While rescue robots may be useful in disaster relief efforts, they should not be viewed as a replacement for human rescuers.

Overall, the use of rescue robots in disaster relief efforts has the potential to significantly improve response times and the likelihood of rescuing survivors. However, more research and development are required to improve the capabilities and effectiveness of rescue robots.
