**1. Introduction**

Digital manufacturing, such as additive manufacturing (AM), is presently experiencing enormous growth with no end in sight. We are currently witnessing its powerful effect on a changing manufacturing landscape and on the direct consumer market [1]. These technological developments have attracted the interest of companies in the traditional manufacturing sector.

AM, also known as 3D printing, is the layer-by-layer manufacture of desired components or product geometry from a sliced computer-aided design (CAD) model. With its layer manufacturing technique, AM can produce complex geometries, thus eliminating the multiple process steps in traditional manufacturing and reducing the use and waste of materials. The technique is also faster and requires less energy [2–5].

For these reasons, AM has been described as a sustainable technique [6] and a focus of Industry 4.0 [7].

AM has applications in numerous industries: automotive [8], aerospace [9], medicine [10], energy systems [11], construction [12], food [13], and clothing [14]. Current state-of-the-art AM technologies can be classified into Material Extrusion, Material Jetting, Binder Jetting, Vat photo-polymerization, Sheet Lamination, Powder Bed Fusion, and Directed Energy Deposition [2, 15, 16].

Because of various challenges, however, the full potential of AM is still unexplored. The challenges include insufficient data on large-volume production, too few design principles, inadequate standards for material processing technology, and the lack of quality management routines. In addition, problems exist related to process stability and repeatability [7, 17] and to the difficulty of using polymers and reinforced plastics in the creation of geometries. However, the development of AM technology has made it easier to produce reinforced plastics in complex geometries [18].

Many manufacturers have had to adapt their business models to reflect this redefinition of the product visualization process when prompted by the development of AM technology. Several research articles discuss the importance of such technologypush business model innovation or propose new models with a business and engineering perspective (e.g., see [1, 19]). The literature generally identifies two types of new product process business models [20]: a sequential product development model and an integrated product development model. The sequential model has several stages (from idea to launch with transition gates at each stage. The integrated model (e.g., the sixth-generation innovation model [21]) takes an approach in which activities such as engineering and business are developed in parallel [22].

In the co-creation projects described in this chapter, university researchers collaborated with two Swedish companies in business model innovation that followed the integrated product development model. They integrated the engineering and business perspectives in their projects that aimed at developing sustainable, efficient, and tailor-made products produced with AM.
