Preface

Global climate change poses a significant threat to ecosystem stability, biodiversity, and function worldwide. Mountain ecosystems, while providing essential resources such as materials, food, energy, and recreational opportunities, are particularly vulnerable to degradation, erosion, and biodiversity loss due to exploitation. These threats not only impact local ecosystems but also contribute to global environmental changes.

Despite their susceptibility to environmental shifts, mountain ecosystems play crucial roles in preserving biological diversity and mitigating the effects of global climate change. Therefore, it is imperative to leverage the latest technologies, methodologies, and strategies to enhance our understanding of adaptation, evaluation, and restoration efforts in mountainous regions.

Agriculture, forests, meadows, and abandoned tailings or quarries within mountain ecosystems are increasingly recognized for their importance in adaptation, evaluation, and restoration practices. These elements are closely linked to the stability of mountain ecosystems and merit special attention in conservation efforts.

This volume introduces cutting-edge approaches to the adaptation, evaluation, and restoration of mountain ecosystems. By emphasizing sustainability and resilience, these efforts aim to safeguard mountain ecosystems and the communities that depend on them, ultimately promoting the well-being of human society.

We gratefully acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by Dr. Nasir Shad, who is now studying as a Ph.D. student at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, during the editorial process. We appreciate his dedication and effort in reviewing and editing several submitted chapters. Additionally, we extend our thanks to the editing office for their diligent work, including communication and other tasks associated with the publication of all chapters.

> **Ling Zhang, Shuli Wang and Liangying Liu** College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China

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